Sports Essay

Kevin Walters Go Team! Sports have become a huge part of this country’s culture, and the sports fans make up a good portion of the population. Every other conversation you hear, whether it be at the water cooler or in a bar, has something to do with some big play or blown call that happened the night before. The popularity of sports has grown magnificently in just the last 24 years that I have been a sports fan. What used to be all the men yelling and cussing at the TV, has become almost as popular to women.Whether it is football, basketball, or baseball, these fans come in all different shapes and sizes. If you are a follower of a team, a bandwagon fan, a fair weather fan, or a die-hard fan, we are all part of a great family of sports fans that make for a good time and some awesome conversation. The followers, as I like to call them, are just your basic fan of a specific sports team. They are with that team and will stick by them through thick and thin, but they wouldnâ€℠¢t mind being able to not watch a game if it got in the way of previous plans.These fans may have a few shirts or maybe a hat or two of their favorite team but unless it’s game day, they don’t go out of their way to show that pride. A follower will usually not care to spend the money on tickets to actually go watch a game, but if they are given tickets or invited to go see a game with some friends, they will not hesitate to say yes. Being a follower is not a bad thing. It’s a safe position as far as being a fan of a certain team, because if your team wins you can cheer and brag to all your friends, but when they lose you don’t have that â€Å"heartbreak† that comes with the other types of fans.The bandwagon fan is one of the most hated categories of fans that you could possibly be. A bandwagon fan is the type of fan that likes to cheer for the team that is most likely to win. These fans are usually fairly knowledgeable in the sport they are cheerin g for and will usually do their homework on whichever team they are cheering for that week. Bandwagoners will do what they can to make sure they are able to watch every game, this way they can see who plays good and bad and decide who they want to cheer for.When it comes to clothes, a bandwagon fan’s closet will look like a rainbow of sorts of different sports teams. They have a jersey from 4 or 5 different teams that they like to switch between just to be ready in case one team is their favorite that week. Bandwagon fans enjoy going to watch a live game, and will cheer for whichever team is picked to win. Being a bandwagon is, like a follower, a very safe type of fan to be. Besides the fact that you will be hated by any true fans, you have the luxury of switching teams the next week if your team performs poorly.Fair weather fans are the types of fans that hurt a team the most of all. These fans absolutely love their team at the season’s start, but if the team begins t o struggle and shows no hope of doing well that year, these fans will disappear like ghosts. If the team is doing good and satisfying their expectations, a fair weather fan will do whatever they need to do to be able to watch the games on TV so they can be there to cheer them on. These fans make themselves very noticeable towards the middle of the season.Fair weather fans will dress up in all the team colors and wave the team flag as if they were the truest fans ever but as soon as the team starts losing, the clothes get hung in the back of closet and the flags get taken town and put up in storage until the start of the next season. They will be the first ones in line to buy tickets to the opening home game, but a fair weather fan will never be a season ticket holder. A fair weather fan is a safe fan to be, but it is also a sad fan. These fans are the reason that games get blacked out on TV because the team can’t sell tickets to the game.The last category of fans is the die-h ard fan. These fans are absolutely crazy about their team, win or lose. They will fight with you and argue with you until the end and tell you why their team is the best, no matter what the record might say. Die-hard fans will request days off work and make plans around their team if that’s what it takes to be able to watch the big game. This fan will wear at least one article of clothing of his favorite team at least 6 days out of the week, even if they get blown out the week prior.These kinds of fans will be your season ticket holders. They will make every game and be one of the first ones to the stadium. Die-hard fans are the best sports fans in my opinion. They are so passionate and so dedicated to their team, that it can easily be the most dangerous type of fan to be. If a die-hard fan’s favorite team loses, it can ruin his whole week, but as soon as they play again, he is right there cheering them on as if it was the Super Bowl or the World Series. Fans are what keep sports alive all around the world.If these sports or teams didn’t have these kinds of fans, they wouldn’t be able to exist. Sports have become a lifestyle in this country and the fans have become a strong community. I couldn’t imagine what America or the world would be like without sports. Being the die-hard fan that I am of my favorite sports team, I just don’t know how I would function with my Florida Gators. So whether you are a follower, fair weather, bandwagon, or die-hard fan, keep cheering and keep passing down the tradition of being a sports fan in America.

Macbeth Coursework Essay

In this essay I will be looking at Act 2, Scenes 1 and 2 of Macbeth and producing a detailed analysis of the scenes, providing examples of how I would direct them and comparing this with how it may have been directed in Shakespeare’s day. I will also be discussing the context in which the play was written and discussing the impact this had on Shakespeare’s writing. I am setting Macbeth in the time period of which it was originally set in, the 11th century. To uphold historical accuracy, the actors will also be dressed in medieval clothing and so their outfits won’t be that grand but practical and warm, broaches and smocks. The scenery that I will have will be of a built up castle with a staircase and an upper level but also a curtain to fall in front with just an empty field for front-of-tabs work when they are not near a castle. The stage will there for have to be set in open-end staging. I have kept with the original setting for many reasons: one is that people were more suspicious at that time and were a lot more likely to believe that there are witches that make psychic predictions, also less foolish that Macbeth believes them if it was set in time when people were less sceptical toward the supernatural. If it was set in modern day Macbeth would be seen as foolish to believe them and put his life at risk for things that they have said are truths. Another flaw with setting it in modern day is that if somebody, especially the King, was murdered then the body would have to undergo a full forensic search. It would seem implausible that if a monarchy was killed for the blame to go to onto his children purely because they fled, if it was set in a time where they could just check the DNA on the weapons that you know are left there. I am also setting it then to make the story feel more real. As that is when the real Macbeth walked and talked, however falsified the story is. So it seemed best to set it in the time it was meant to have taken place. When Banquo and Fleance enter at the start of the Act, Fleance is holding a torch to show it is dark. This fits with their conversation about the night, because if they were just walking around saying it was dark but without showing any signs of not being able to see, then it would just seem unrealistic. Before Macbeth leaves to kill Duncan he should take the necklace showing symbol that he is Thane of Cawdor off and show that he is no longer that. He should also wear a red cloak to symbolise the blood, as if it is surrounding him, it should be tied up around his neck and when he is feeling the impact of what he did it should be as if it is so tight it is chocking him, the blood, or his deed, are chocking him. The scene is set in Dunsdane castle at night, Macbeth’s castle. We know that it is gone midnight from Banquo and Fleance’s conversation. This would affect the audience when Shakespeare wrote Macbeth, in Jacobean England, people were superstitious and ‘witching hour’ was still believed and feared. Also night was the time when bad things happen, it was associated with evil, witchcraft and hidden acts. Also it was common believed at the time that the good and righteous were in far before it got dark as the day is for the good and the night for the evil, the time where dark deeds took place. The stairs of the castle behind show that it is set in the courtyard of Macbeth’s castle. They are walking across stage but quite slowly as to fit in the text as it makes sense for them to be heading somewhere, as it would seem inappropriate for them to just be standing out in the dark and the cold. Historically Banquo and Macbeth were best friends and both together killed the King. But Shakespeare, who knew that King James 1, the current king, was a descendant of Banquo and thought it best not to show him as being evil. It would displease the King to show his ancestor as treasonous, so he decided to make him out as innocent and good and for him to try and discourage Macbeth from killing Duncan. By having Banquo out after dark when the bad and evil were supposedly out may have been Shakes peares way of communicating this to the audience in a discrete manner, one that the King could not fret about. The things that I would add to the start of the scene are that the lighting should be dull and dimly lit to show that it is dark with a few small lights at the top as they are referenced. This just adds to the feel of the night. Also the sound effects of crickets, regardless of whether there would be any again reference to the night it would add to the suspense. In the scene between Banquo and Fleance, Banquo has greater authority over Fleance as he refers to him as ‘Sir.’ ‘I take’t, ’tis later, sir’ So therefore when onstage Banquo needs to show that he is of higher status and so needs to look down at him. Fleance needs to be played quite introvertedly and be more hunched and talk softer and at a higher pitch than Banquo, as that will show his age. When Macbeth (and his servant) enters he should come from the opposite side of the stage from where Banquo and Fleance are. So Macbeth enters from the side where stairs are nearest and all four of them head toward the stairs when they spot each other. His servant is standing downstage to him when they are talking as it shows the lesser importance of him in both status and the play. When Banquo and Macbeth are talking they start to discuss the three witches. ‘I had a dream about the three weird sister. To you they have shown some truth.’ This shows that Banquo may be out after dark as he was having bad dreams. Macbeth should seem taken aback at this statement as if he was at that time, thinking about them, yet denies it. ‘I think not of them.’ Banquo doesn’t believe him and stays wary of him, seeming unsure what to say and the atmosphere is quite uncomfortable as Macbeth is suspicious that Banquo suspects what he is planning on doing. They are friends as well so they have to speak pleasantly and they also would not discuss possible murder plots in frount of Banquo’s son. Banquo must seem as if he is sizing Macbeth up, to see whether he would actually do that. So he has to be looking at him intently. In Macbeth’s soliloquy after he sends his servant away, he pauses and then in silence starts to pace, as if trying to think about what to do as he is torn. You hear a door open in the distance and he jumps, showing that he is on-edge and anxious. He also appears to be muttering to himself, which again shows that he is running through his thoughts on the matter. In centre stage a figure that is dressed in black produces a dagger from their costume. Macbeth sees this and walks over curiously, as he cannot see the figure. When he tries to grab it, the figure moves it just out of his way. This suggests that there is supernatural intervention. When the dagger goes towards Duncan’s room the figure dressed in black is beckoning to him and Macbeth seems transfixed on the dagger by his speech as also as he never takes his eyes off it. Just before blood appears on the dagger in the script, the figure seems to stab itself and the blood appears just on the blade. This is directing Macbeth to what he must do. The black figure then produces a crown above their head and places it on very slowly during his talk of murder and ghost and rape. When the bell rings though the crown is taken off and again is invisible. Macbeth’s voice at first when talking about the dagger, should seem entranced with it, as if it is drawing him in. He loses his sense of guilt and reaches out for it as if he was a cat just batting at the object. He should also sound shocked and confused that he can’t touch it, so it seems as though the witches are definitely putting a spell on him. The line ‘Nature seems dead’ should be said very slowly and definite, after that line it should get gradually and with more emphasis on the words. Also he should pause after ‘Moves like a ghost’. It shows his worry and nerve, also the use of the word ‘ghost’ connects it with death. In the last bit the figure produces a crown and Macbeth is determined to get it. By this time he has developed more dignity, and so he does not try and aimlessly bat around. He also appears to grow taller and in doing so makes him seem more worthy of Kingliness. When he says the last section of his soliloquy, the first line should be said whilst walking halfway up the stairs. He stops and looks around whilst saying ‘Hear it not, Duncan’. He then walks to the top of the stairs whilst saying ‘for it is knell.’ He looks over to the audience to say ‘to summon thee to Heaven,’ but the looks over to where he is exiting to say ‘or to hell’ This is said manically with a gruffer tone and with eyes open wider and the dagger held above his head as he runs off set. This section conveys the atmosphere of the night, it describes the night as being dark and dangerous. Which is conveyed by the use of personification, Macbeth compares the night to the evil deed such as murder, witchcraft and rape. It also again forewarns the terrible deeds that are soon to take place. At the beginning of Act 2 Scene 2 there should be sounds of wind in the background to show something bad is coming, this is a use of pathetic fallacy. This will make viewers think as to whether the deed has taken place yet. The audience should feel in suspense and want to know what has gone on. The lights should again be duller as it is still night, and the darkness on stage can also reflect the grey areas of the play that have not been revealed yet. Lady Macbeth, when talking, should come across as bolder and more confident than what you would think from a woman of her time. She should talk extrovertly and seem to get a sense of pleasure from what is happening, so she should look quite smug, she seems to have no remorse. You can tell that this is her outer shell as as soon as she hears the owl’s hoot, she panics and jumps but manages to regain her composition quickly. As when she says, ‘Hark! Peace’ This shows her panicking when she says Hark but then she realises that is nothing as so redeems herself by saying peace. She should enter from upstairs but the other side to Macbeth and should seem quite elated and with a smug sense of accomplishment as she meanders down the stairs and into the courtyard. She also actually freezes when she hears the owl. She is seen as dominating and so being strong relates to her being forceful before. The fact that she seems so jumpy is a contradiction to her otherwise confident manner, this shows that maybe deep down she isn’t so confident as is let on. That she only shows this exterior as to cover up the fact that she isn’t as strong as she wishes to be. When she says ‘if he had not resembled my father as he slept’ it should be said looking away from Macbeth. This shows her reluctance to show off her weakness and it shows that she did not really want to admit that to him, as if she though that it would make her seem weaker. It should also be said very monosyllabic, as to mask her feelings. This shows she does feel and does have emotions, but she chooses never to let anything but her rock solid exterior to be shown. Also that she is not as tough as she wants people to believe. When Macbeth returns with the daggers he should be in shock, to show what he did still hasn’t really sunk in and he doesn’t really believe what he did. He should talk in with a soft, distant tone as if he is not really concentrating on what he is doing. He should also not focus on anything as if he is far away, he should look through objects, not at them. When he says, ‘There’s one did laugh in’s sleep, and one cried ‘Murder!’ it is more to himself and when he is saying the speech around this he should never look at Lady Macbeth. He should seem more transfixed at the daggers. Lady Macbeth should talk with an almost hungry tone as she craves the power that it gives her. When she notices the daggers in his hands she has to seem quite disbelieving of his stupidity. When she says, ‘Why did you bring these from the place?’ She has to say it as if she cannot possibly understand why he did that, also very patronising. When Macbeth enters he is upstairs and Lady Macbeth is at the bottom and when they talk at the beginning of the scene, he is walking as they talk. He should seem shaky and closed. Lady Macbeth goes over to him, to go and comfort him but he pulls away and is transfixed with his hands and the blood on them, Lady Macbeth should also seem a bit put out by his rejection. Macbeth is filled with guilt so much he is controlled by it, so he cannot say ‘Amen.’ This is important as in Jacobean time, they were still very religious times, so by failing to be able to say the ending of a prayer shows how sinful this deed was. It shows a connection with the devil and being apart from God. He also talks about sleep, he describes it as being wonderful and relief, a blessing. When he was saying, ‘Sleep no more’, he is saying that this is a terrible punishment, sleep was taken away from him because he took a life. Lady Macbeth should seem forceful and annoyed still that he had rejected her earlier. She is very bossy and seems to be able to control and manipulate Macbeth, even though he is a strong warrior. Lady Macbeth is practical and keeps her head in their predicament, but this is quite misleading as later in the play she goes mad from the guilt of what she has done. So you know then that she doesn’t find it as simple as she lets on. We see a contrast in their characters by how they perceive the blood on their hands from the daggers. Macbeth uses a hyperbole by saying that ‘all Neptune’s water’ could not wash the blood away, so he is exaggerating and is talking more about the emotional scarring that that would leave him with. That nothing could possibly wash away what he did, no amount of water could make him forget. But Lady Macbeth simply talks about ‘how easy it is then’ as she describes only how easy it is to physically wash it off. She does not think of the guilt, only on how to get out of the blame. The dramatic effect of the knocking is that people are waking and that they can be found at any point. Somebody could arrive, also shown by the knocking as you knock to enter when you arrive. Macbeth should not seem jumpy as he is not really aware of what’s going on around him as he still hasn’t consciously awoken. Lady Macbeth should seem more aware of it as she is more aware of what they have done. During the whole of Lady Macbeth’s soliloquy, Macbeth should very slowly being playing with the water in the bucket, also to be staring very intently at it, and sounds of water movement. When Macbeth says ‘to know my deed, ’twere best not know myself’. He says it directly at Lady Macbeth, looking straight into her eyes as if willing her to understand him. When the knocking is finally getting to Macbeth he should suddenly outburst and talk very loud, almost shouting, ‘Wake Duncan with thy knocking!’ This shows that the knocking and what he did are starting to really get to him, he is more aware of the knocks when he become more aware of what he did. The voice is also a contrast to his distant and scared voice straight after he killed Duncan. Yet when he says, ‘I wish thou couldst.’ To be said softer and more inwardly, said more to himself, he should also bow his head as it shows his remorse for what he has done and his wish to rever se it. My play differs in many ways from what it would have been showed in Shakespeares day, as there is more technology and equipment in theatres now than they did then. In Shakespeare’s time there wasn’t backdrops, limited props and not very much in the way of scenery. Whereas, in my play there is an entire wall of a castle with a staircase and an upstairs for the actors to go in certain parts of the play, also there is a background of a forest for later on in the play. Underneath the stage is an area that opens up for the witches to go in when needed. These things they wouldn’t have been able to do in Shakespeare’s day, I am also using more advanced lighting then they would have then as well. Also the costumes that I use are from medieval time, whereas they were in Elizabethan dress when they were first performed. The audience would be different now as in Shakespeare’s day, the arena was a bit of a commotion, people talked, traded, drank. But nowadays, Shakespeare’s plays are seen almost as religious and the whole theatre is in silence. You are scolded if you even dare to cough. Also as people don’t have the same belief in witches and the supernatural as they did then, the story seems quite far-fetched, but it is still regarded as one of the greatest plays even written. Which is contradictory to the belief at the time. I think that my ideas are effective and also they are original, for example, my idea for Macbeth’s soliloquy, which, to my knowledge, hasn’t been used before. I think that it will be effective as I feel I have captured the characters in the way that they were written by Shakespeare and it stays very close to the original setting and so stays traditional.

Political Dynasty Essay

The Philippine Constitution is a Social Contract which embodies the fundamental principles and policies, according to which the Filipino people are governed by the State. The fundamental principles are abstract and as such they cover every aspect of the life of the Filipino people; while the fundamental policies cover specific areas of application of those principles. The fundamental principles remain fixed and permanent, but the policies built upon those principles can be modified or repealed by legislation to suit the needs of the times. The title is product of my out of the box philosophizing about the provisions of Section 1 and Section 26 taken together of Article II of our Constitution. I must say that philosophizing does not tell us my conclusions and/or thoughts are right or wrong, true or false, but it has certainly given me the basis upon which to present my meta-understanding of Section 1 and Section 26: Article II, Section 1 says: â€Å"The Philippines is a democratic and republican state. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them. † This is the most basic principle of the Constitution, and it refers to a natural law as formulated and accepted in the mind; it refers also to essential truth upon which other truths are based. Article II, Section 26: â€Å"The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law. † This is a policy built upon the principle of Section 1, and it refers to a planned line of conduct in the light of which individual decisions on political dynasties are made and coordination is achieved. Moreover, political dynasties refer to the line of politicians of the same families. Every coin has two inseparable opposite sides – the head and the tail – yet they complement each other as they are opposed to each other to constitute only one coin. Similarly, the political issue on dynasty has two opposite yet complementary sides (a) â€Å"the principle of political dynasty† of Section 1 and (b) the â€Å"the policy of political dynasty† of Section 26. Both Sections constitute one Article II. The policy of Section 26 names the specific area of application of the principle of Section 1 of the same Article II. The policy of Section 26 is built upon the basic principle of Section 1. Moreover, the fundamental principle of Section 1 remain fixed and permanent, but policies of Section 3 can be are modified or repealed by legislation to suit the needs and demands of the times. The People: The Creators and Masters of Political Dynasties The phrase – â€Å"sovereignty resides in the people, and all government authority emanates from them† – clearly shows that the people are the habitat of the sovereignty. However, â€Å"people† have two distinct yet mutually complementary meanings, namely, â€Å"people as electorate† which is the source of political power of elected politicians and â€Å"people as corporate nation† which is the reason for being of elected politicians. These â€Å"dual meanings of people† effectively signify that the elected politicians are â€Å"public servants† of the people; hence the people are their â€Å"boss and master† in our democratic and republican state, not the way around By virtue of their sovereign power, the people are superior to any and all existing political dynasties, whose reason for being is service to their masters, the people. On moral grounds, the people must be awakened to the reality that they are the boss of political dynasties, and therefore they have no reason to fear the, before, during, and after political elections. Centrality of Morality in the Constitution The centrality of morality to our Constitution is evident in the Preamble, in the imploration to Almighty God for aid to build a just and humane society and to establish a Government that shall embody the Filipino ideals and aspirations and promote their common good under a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace. The rest of the Constitution revolves around these moral ideals and moral values. These are the moral foundations of the Social Ethics Society. There are socio-economic phenomena in many areas of the country where the life-style and the exercise of political power by political dynasties is betrayal of public trust, because it is not in accord with the following moral imperatives and criteria of right and wrong in public service: â€Å"Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at all times accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency; act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest life†. (Article X on Accountability) Every elected politician in the public service is bound to abide by those mandates. Congress had passed anti-graft and anti-corruption laws, e. g. RA No. 6713, also known as Code of Ethics for Government Officials and Employees, in the public service. However, it appears that many of our elected politicians pay only â€Å"lip service† to anti-Graft and Anti-Corruptions laws. For instance, there are widespread phenomena of bribery and corruption in the public service, reportedly perpetuated by corrupt politician, many of whom are allegedly members of political dynasties. Centrality of Morality to Legality The Preamble provides the moral grounds and the foundation of ethical politics of several Articles of the Constitution. No statutory law is enforceable if it is unconstitutional; and the Constitution cannot be enforced if it is immoral. The bottom line – any enabling law on political dynasty is legally binding upon the Filipinos, only if it is constitutional and moral. A law that is moral is always constitutional, but a law that is constitutional is not necessarily moral. A Moral and Ethical Proposal I believe the policy of Section 26 which â€Å"prohibits political dynasties as may be defined by law† has two distinct opposite sides, (1) â€Å"the letter of the Constitution† which is the legalistic side, and (2) the â€Å"spirit of the Constitution† which is the ethical side. The pro-political dynasty advocates and promoters behave in accord with legal politics. Their action is legal so long as there is no law defining and enabling the constitutional prohibition against political dynasties. Therefore, the anti-dynasty advocates and promoters should stand on moral and ethical grounds against political dynasties. It is my proposal on moral and ethical grounds that the anti-dynasty advocates should develop and promote the concept of â€Å"political dynasty of the people† based on the principle of Section 1 face-to-face the â€Å"political dynasties of oligarchs† based on the policy of Section 26 but built upon the principle of Section 1. When there is a conflict between a principle and its policy, the principle should prevail over its policy. Moral, Ethical, and Legal Practices in Politics Moral and ethical are similar in meaning in that they both have to do with the difference between right and wrong. They are dissimilar in meaning in that ethical tends to refer to a code, system, theory, or standard of judging rightness or wrongness of moral behavior; whereas moral tends to refer to more concrete choices and issues that arouse strong feelings. In other words, moral refers to good and evil, while ethical refers to right and wrong. Because of the untruthful disclosure of his SALN per Code of Ethics, former SC Chief Justice Renato Corona was found ethically wanting for which he was impeached, despite his superior legalistic knowledge of law; Hence, we could say that â€Å"what is moral is always ethical, but what is ethical is not necessarily moral. † Hence, when an elected politician acts according to RA 6714, his behavior is ethical as well as legal – â€Å"what is ethical is always legal, but what is legal is not necessarily ethical†. The Pursuit of Ethical Politics Our major problem in the pursuit of ethical politics is the lack of political will on the part of the people as electorate. Let us awaken and educate their political consciousness, and empower their political will by making them conscious of their being the political dynasty that is superior over all existing political dynasties of oligarchs† per mandate of Article II, Section 1 that the people are the habitat of sovereign power, but the exercise of such pwer is delegated and vested upon elected politicians. Assume that Congress would never pass the law enabling the policy against political dynasties; let us then resort to the principle of Section 1 in Article II. This principle does not require any enabling law because it is precisely the ultimate basis of all enabling laws. This is the principle why the political candidates try to win the votes of the people during political campaigns. We have indeed laws prescribing the requirements of the policy to vote. The Social Ethics Society can start the movement to marginalize the political dynasties,, if not altogether eliminate them eventually from the political landscape of the Philippine.

Walt Disney Cartoons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Walt Disney Cartoons - Essay Example Asians, African Americans, Native Americans, and people from the Middle East are portrayed along racial lines. Some characters have hatred towards lesbians and gay men. The homosexuals are secluded and experience violence and hostility from other characters. This has a negative impact on homosexuals in the society watching these cartoons and other children develop negative attitudes towards homosexuals. Sexism is evident in several Disney cartoons, which portrays girls negatively. Girls and women are grossly underrepresented in films and cartoons, which represents a missed opportunity to present them in non-sexualized roles. The cartoons derive their values from the sexual appeal or behavior portrayed by their sexual attractiveness. Majority of the children’s programs contain animations and cartoons. These cartoons contain sexualizing images of girls and women. Disney portrays female characters with more cleavage, fewer clothes and are presented as sexier than those of former years. An example is The Little Mermaid where the female characters expose their cleavage and are scantily dressed. These characters are depicted as sexier than those in Cinderella or Snow White. These animations have great potential to influence girls and young teens paying every detail to the characters. Girls are primarily portrayed as domestic, concerned with their appearance and interested in boys. This overemphasizes their own self as romantic objects (Lacroix, 2004). In The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast, Disney has constructed the heroines in extreme idealized forms of white femininity. The heroines are characterized as assertive and intelligent figures who take on adventures. The heroines are empowered in their actions, and idealized beauty is affirmed by their dressing. In this light, the texts form part of the popular discourse of femininity which encourages women to internalize gendered body norms. Women want to expose themselves in order to achieve the feminine character contained in the movies.

Spanish war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Spanish war - Essay Example The Spanish army composed of 36,000 soldiers, with 41 ships, and 65 artillery, and ready to fight the Moroccans. The Prime Minister of Spain, Leopoldo ODonnell, grouped the soldiers into three forces under the command of Generals Juan Zavala, Antonio Ros, and Segundo Diaz (8). The Spanish and Morocco Hostile relations started on 17th December 1859 after the column commanded by Zavala occupied the Sierra de Bullones. Echague captured the Palacio Del Serrallo and Odonnel commanded a force that landed at a place called Ceuta on 21st December and they waited for to attack. Spain took advantage of its defeat in Morocco during the Eisley war in the year 1844, occupied the Islands-1848, and then waited for another opportunity to get more from the Moroccan territory. The Moroccan Sultan, Moulay Abderrahman lived the last days when the Spanish army stationed in Ceuta building, in a military center attacked, and destroyed the Angara tribes (Bennis, Samir 10). The Moroccans army also brought down the Spanish flag down and splattered it in the dirt. The Spanish consul demanded harsher punishment by people he considered responsible for the incident and declined to hand them over to the Spanish military authority for execution. The given Moroccans were accused of doing to Ceuta as punishment for its inhabitants and its garrison.Morocco tried to have access to Spain for the right to build fortifications, as it deemed necessary for the security of Ceuta. Morocco was granted ten days before Spain declared war and called their armies on the Moroccan soil.The Royal Prosecutor under the Sultan stated that the responsibility was borne by the Governor of Ceuta who ordered the firing of guns against the Moroccans, and he requested an extension because of the deteriorating health of the Sultan. During the Sultans death, Said Moulay Abderrahmane swore the allegiance to his son Sidi Mohammed of Morocco (Ellwood 41). In Spain, these events were seen as

Reflect on Hedonic act utilitarianism and Kant's formula of Essay

Reflect on Hedonic act utilitarianism and Kant's formula of humanity...evaluate whether or not you believe torture - Essay Example Many proponents against torture focus on the absolutist requirement that it should not be permitted under any circumstance and that enforcing torture given the possibility that the person to be tortured is innocent or that he does not have the information needed fails to give a concrete argument on the other side of the what if question. Deductively, what if he is not totally innocent or that he truly does have the information and there are others whose lives are at risk. Founding on the singular basis of Kantian formula of humanity undermines the correlation of impending critical decisions at crossroads in favor of moral predispositions. The â€Å"ticking time bomb thought experiment† presents a direct and unfaltering inquiry on our appreciation of utilitarianism and thus supposes that the second premise, â€Å"it is not morally permissible to torture the terrorist† is false. Sussman presents a perceptive description on the effect of torture and the existing relationsh ip between the victims of torture and the tormentor as being one of passivity as the suffering and its inherent pain brings the person to a state where he no longer has control of his body and emotions brought about by sheer pain and fear. In the book, â€Å"Torture: When the Unthinkable is Morally Permissible,† suggests what the very title given by the authors mean. Bagaric, Mirko and Clarke provided for five variables that must be present to make torture morally permissible.... Additionally, if there are little to no other means to acquire information as discussed in the third variable, harm may be brought upon him in any form but maintaining the lowest possible degree of torture and pain towards him (Bagaric, Mirko and Clarke 34-35). In contradiction to this stance, Jeff McMahan maintains that torture must be prohibited without classification. That the use of torture is more abused by those who proliferate unjust means and that even the government cannot be trusted to be cautious in their use of torture, however noble their intentions are. McMahan affirms that to think that any government, no matter how civilized or democratic, could be trustworthy enough to be tasked to carry out torture to prevent terrorist activities and other such threats is nothing short of delusional. In this discussion, the author does not fail to mention notorious and well-known incidents such as the Guantamo Bay and Abu Ghraib torture controversies where the prisoners were subject ed to inhumane acts of torture. â€Å"Throughout human history, torture has been very extensively employed, but the proportion of cases in which the use appears to have been morally justified seems almost negligible† (McMahan 125). This argument illustrates realistic and current predilection toward the abolishment of torture as guaranteed by international and local laws but it does not address in any material way the ticking bomb predicament. McMahan deviates from negating the permissible morality aspect of hedonic act utilitarianism by raising contentions founded on barbarism and human dignity (McMahan 111) and instead focuses on torture abolition base on factual relevance of its ineffectiveness but it nevertheless falls short on concluding how

No Topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

No Topic - Assignment Example So after some warm hugs and goodbyes I leave my city and shift abroad. Initially it is a bit difficult for me as it is a completely new surrounding, but gradually I start to get the taste of it. We are still in touch with each through phone calls and social media. Social media being so popular these days that it has almost created a virtual world for us where most of us like to live their lives. It does not make you feel that you are away from your near and dear ones. (Sherry Turkle, Alone Together) So it really helps me to be in touch my cousin and share my experience out here. Gradually my work pressure starts increasing and I get to spend lesser time online. As a result I don’t get enough time to sit and chat with my cousin online. He does expect it from me but does not complain. It has been around 3 months now that I have been situated here. Gradually our bonding is becoming distant. One Sunday I sit with my laptop and feel like having a chat with my cousin as it has been a long time. I check my inbox and find that my cousin has written me after a long time. I am all excited and happy. I start reading the mail only to get the shock of my life. He says that he missed me so much that he got a robot with my name and programmed it like me. In sense the robot likes what I like and has the same dissimilarities as mine. It is true that robotics is actually replacing humans in many ways like people use them to sweep the kitchen floor, take care of our aging parents, and provide us with reliable companionship. (Jonah Lehrer, â€Å"We, Robots†) But it is still hard to replace a complete human being. My cousin now spends most of the time with a robot that he calls by my name. Not that I am offended with this whole reaction of his. I am kind a shocked and deeply hurt inside. I always used to feel that I was that once special brother for my cousin and he used to love me that way but today it has completely changed for

Service visit and analyzes assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Service visit and analyzes assignment - Essay Example As added proof of the almost excellent knowledge that Starbucks baristas have, he was able to prepare this drink without having to look up how it is mixed while all along explaining to me what went on in its making (Bussing-Burks 55). Another service aspect that I find to be particularly outstanding at Starbucks is the fact that the restaurant never sells any coffee that happens to have been sitting for more than 30 minutes. While on my visit to the shop I personally noted that the baristas would rather throw away coffee than attempt to serve anything old they deem to be old. There are however a number of aspects that left me with a negative perception during my service visit to Starbucks. The service at Starbucks can at times prove to be rude. One striking case that comes to mind is that while I was quietly seated at a corner sipping at my nutella latte while all along analyzing the service at the Starbucks store I was visiting. An incident occurred that I deemed to not be quite appropriate. During a rare lull when there were actually no customers waiting to be served at the store. The cashier started chatting with one of the barista’s, a lady walked into the store proceeded to go and stand in front of the coffee makers while awaiting to be served. Despite having noticed the presence of this customer, the cashier and barista continued with their conversation and ignored the customer who was rapidly becoming inpatient. After about two minutes of idle waiting, the customer demanded to know why she was not being served upon which the cashier rudely replied that the customer was not standing at the proper location where people order. This greatly infuriated the customer who walked out in anger and promised to file an official complaint. I found this to be quite unprofessional and it had the effect of negatively influencing my perception of the overall customer experience at the

Amazon Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Amazon Case Study - Essay Example It was not without the physical labor by the visionary man himself Jeff Bezos who contributed in its physical transportation and other essential activities that were necessary in the beginning. By the year 1997, it saw massive expansion in form of collaborations with few giant players in the industry namely Silicon Valley. The idea behind the name (Amazon): Since Amazon is the world’s largest river and Jeff Bezos had believe in his ideas, he wanted to develop a platform that is worldwide famous and massive in size. Much to his hard work and planning, Amazon has turned out to be the world’s largest online book store. In a period of nearly one year, it made it across the internet as one of the largest and the only online retailer since there were no major threats and competitors at that time. Vision and objectives: The beginning vision was more focused on making it the largest online book stop, but later the circle expansion was considered and it worked on providing produ cts other than just books as well . The vision was focused on â€Å"customer centric† policy which would focus on meeting the requirements of the customer. Distinct Groups segregation: While the earlier focus was on online sales only, with time the focus was expanded to customers who were clustered into three groups namely â€Å"consumer customers† who are directly associated with the products and services offered by the parent company itself, developer customers who used the technology and resources of Amazon for running their business, and finally the seller customer who used Amazon as a platform to sell their products which were not necessarily the Amazon Proprietary. 1997 letter to the shareholders: Some of the salient points of the letter are: Customers are the focal point Policies would be made keeping in view the long term planning and perspective. Both success and failure would be critically evaluated. The decisions so made would be daring in many ways and this way the new paradigms would be explored through a combination of success and failure from the dare game. 3 pillar strategy: The 3 Pillar strategy has been adopted to accomplish the vision chalked out by the man who started it all Jeff Bezos. These pillars are as follows: Selection: The policy was based on providing the customers with a long list of options in various categories in each of the discipline products that are in the manufacturing capacity of the company. Convenience: Customers are the backbone to any organization and enterprise. Amazon takes this factor in to equal consideration and does all to ensure the customer satisfaction and ease of actions. This is done in form of providing them with many options prior to purchase and order and post order which includes the feedback mechanism. Price: Amazon ensures attracting the customers towards itself in many ways, the price advantage and core competency of reduced prices is part of Amazon strategy. This can be seen in case of the latest e book reader launch Amazon Kindle Fire, which has startled the entire world by its low price. The prices are reduced with no compromise on the quality. The quality

Management - 3 tools or approaches that contributes to decision making Essay

Management - 3 tools or approaches that contributes to decision making [sap5] - Essay Example Measures to be implemented are those that draw immense support. In systems 1 and 2, the main features are observed when perceived from objectives-led and problem-oriented planning approaches (Moore & Lowenstein, 2004). The objective of joint-versus-separate decision making solves the problem of people failing to move from suboptimal System 1 thinking to improved System 2 thinking. The system is chosen and considered among multiple options concurrently rather than conceding or declining alternatives separately. The objective approach cites a promising stream of research that evaluates how System 2 thinking can be weighted to lower System 1 errors. It demonstrates that analogical reasoning can be applied in reducing bounds on people’s consciousness like impulsivity and anxiety about relative outcomes. It is possible that the study on joint-against-separate decision making highlights the reality that our initial impulses lean more on emotions than logic (Moore & Lowenstein, 2004). For instance, additional suggestive results in passing exams include the findings that willpower to succeed is weakened when students are placed under severe cognitive burden and when they are insufficient knowledge in their study areas. Students will most likely make less impulsive, but suboptimal decisions during schools years while further making choices in advance of their consequences. Another scenario is where school management adopt unilateral decisions that suggest that change in the decision’ s context that promotes coolheaded System 2 thinking. This has the capability of reducing common biases from arising. I believe that when people get busier on their schedules, their minds get committed irrespective of time constraints faced, thus relying on System 1 thinking. Managers of corporate companies implore System 1 thinking, where superior decision making is a recipe for improving efficiency without sacrificing brand quality. The problem and

Love in psychology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Love in psychology - Coursework Example Love is too enthralling that millions of people resulted to find varied ways and strategies just to find the idealized partner. Many have strong preference to look at love as a positive force that fills the existential vacuum, but many of them are also experientially eluded to truly feel and perceived true love. At times, gender relations illustrate power play in relationships: of submissiveness and domination. Female does the former and the male does the later. It has varying perception from male, female, gay, lesbian or of those coming from transsexual gender. But most of them felt how love entails joy, happiness, and hurt. There is a mystical concept in it, maybe because of its association to fantastic fairy tales. Lovers would even seize distance just to be with the beloved; or to find wisdom from good or bad relationship; or to simply feel the void in the lover’s absence. But its amazing how one could find someone to love from billions of people walking in all busy lanes. Love’s history is immortalized by time and its details are enshrined in all historic evolution of events in many civilizations. Rubin (1975) thought that romantic  love  is made holistic by three elements: attachment, caring, and intimacy. Attachment is a state of belongingness where care is felt and there is direct communication for cognitive and emotive responses. It is a comfort zone, a security base, a sacred breathing space. It is considered as passion. The absence of attachment caused certain level of instability of emotions and psyche. Caring on the other hand relate to humanistic-altruistic value of being sensitive to another’s happiness. Intimacy refers to the bond established through sharing of thoughts, desires, and feelings with each other.  Hatfield, Cacioppo, Rapson, and Clark (1992) categorized love into compassionate  and passionate  love. Compassionate love refers to the capacity of person to understand and to be receptive of the language of the heart with respect and trust. Compassionate  love  usually develops out of feelings of mutual understanding and shared respect for each other.  Passionate  love  on the other hand is an intense feeling with physiological awareness of the beloved. Reciprocation of these feelings meant fulfillment and the person is preconceived as an ideal lover. Hatfield et.al. (1992) believed that passionate  love  is transitory and could only last within the period from 6 to 30 months. Meanwhile, Lee (1973) explicated love by associating its concepts to primary colors: eros, ludos, and storge.  He believed that love is a combination of these three. For instance, the combination of eros and ludos meant an obsessive love. A combination of ludos and storge could result to realistic love, a pragma. Eros and storge combined would also mean selfless love. Religious leaders call this agape, an ideation of love in the image of God. Lee (1973) further explained that eros meant loving an ideal person; ludos meant love as a game; and storge meant love as friendship. Sternberg (1996) professed that relationships are built on elements that endure and are called consummated love as a description of intimacy, passion, and commitment. Rubin (1973), a social psychologist

Social work Essay Example for Free

Social work Essay Divergence between social work and the law is the shift in the perspective or priority of social work that occurred during the 1930s. Previously social work played an important role in legal processes or in the justice system by supporting investigations and providing vital testimonies in court cases. However, during the 1930s at the onset of the great depression, social work underwent a change in priority so that the direction of efforts was towards humanistic issues and mental health issues so that social workers engaged more in these areas and less in legal aspects. It was only during the early 1990s that an area of social work renewed links with law. This was spurred by the recognition of social workers of the need to succumb to the legal regulation of the profession to make social workers recognized as service providers. (Barker Branson, 2000; Neighbors, 2000) In another sense, divergence between social work and the law also pertains to the conflict or friction between the values of social work and laws such as self-determination highly valued by social work relative to the constraints or control imposed by laws. In mental health care, respect for the person forms part of social work practice but mental health laws allow forms of restraint in certain situations and subject to regulatory standards. (Preston-Shoot, Roberts Vernon, 2001) As social work again renewed its relationship with law, social workers need to know a number of things about law. First is the manner that laws are made and passed since social workers are also advocates of any change or improvements needed in areas of law they are involved in. Second is the manner that legal provisions and jurisprudence are interpreted to be able to apply or use laws in various areas of service delivery. Third is the manner that legal provisions are enforced such as procedures in the courtroom, legal documents, roles of members of the legal profession, and other workings of the legal profession since social workers also take part in these procedures. (Barker Branson, 2000; Neighbors, 2000) 2. Summarize in your own words what forensic social workers do, motivations for forensic social workers, and what are the steps toward forensics becoming a specialty. Forensic social workers apply social work to issues pertaining to the law or legal systems (Brammer, 2006). Specifically, forensic social workers fulfill three primary functions. First is the provision of consultation, education and training to members of the legal profession, law enforcement authorities, correctional system personnel, and the public over areas of social work integrated with the law. Second is rendering diagnosis and recommendations and providing treatment to populations within the correctional system, crime victims, witnesses, and criminal justice staff. Third is engaging in administrative and advocacy functions such as policy development, mediation or arbitration, education and training, and research. These are general functions since social workers engage in these functions in terms of their fields of competence or expertise. (Johns, 2007) The greatest and encompassing motivation for forensic social workers is the personal rewards achieved from altruistic actions. The pay of forensic social workers varies according to specialization and expertise. The work is not necessarily appreciated in the criminal justice system or the public. (Barker Branson, 2000) There are three steps in becoming a forensic social worker. First is to acquire exceptional knowledge on the selected area of expertise. Second is to effectively communicate acquired knowledge and translate this into practice to enhance expertise. Third is to become known as an expert in the field through networking or referrals. (Barker Branson, 2000) 3. After reading these two chapters, would forensic social work be a profession you would be interested in pursuing, why or why not? Yes. Forensic social work is a challenging field that develops the potential of social workers to develop knowledge and skills in a multidimensional field of practice that benefits a wide-range of people, especially those with limited knowledge of the law and legal system. Reference List Barker, R. L. Branson, D. M. (2000). Forensic social work: Legal aspects of professional practice (2nd edn. ). New York: The Haworth Press. Brammer, A. (2006). Social work law (2nd edn). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Longman. Johns, R. (2007). Using the law in social work (3rd edn. ). Devon: Learning Matters Ltd Neighbors, I. A. (2000). Forensic social work: The interface between social work and the law. In K. Van Wormer A. R. Roberts (Eds. ), Teaching forensic social work: Course outlines on criminal and juvenile justice and victimology (pp. 113-117). Alexandria, VA: Council on Social Work Education (CSWE), Inc. Preston-Shoot, M. , Roberts, G. Vernon, S. (2001). Values in social work law: Strained relations or sustaining relationships?. Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 23(1), 1–22.

Significance Of Physiotherapy Post Thoracotomy

Significance Of Physiotherapy Post Thoracotomy Many people who suffers from orthopedic, cardiopulmonary or neurology problems go to physical therapy seeking help. Physiotherapy is considered to be an important aspect of full recovery stages. It is an art and science which contributes to the development of heath. Physical therapy is one of the most important professions in the health care community where it can help the patients to recover through rehabilitation programs and exercises. The importances of physical therapy are represented in improving the quality of life for the patient, and returning the patient to his normal life without difficulties in performing his activity of daily living (ADLS) (1,2). Also, physical therapy helps in the prevention of impairments and limitations of activities, promotion of the general health of the patient, and providing post-operative care after surgery (3, 2, 4). Following any surgery, the patient must take physiotherapy in order to increase his endurance and functional independence (2). Mor e over, physiotherapy interventions can be used in assisting for the prevention and treatment of the complications whether it is a pulmonary or musculoskeletal after major surgeries (5). One of these major surgeries is thoracotomy. Thoracotomy is a surgical procedure where an incision is made in the chest wall to reach the thoracic organs (6). It can be done either laterally or anteriorly in order to enter the lungs, heart, esophagus, and major blood vessels (7). Thoracotomy can be done for several reasons such as: removing blood clots from the chest, removing a portion or entire lung, repairing the heart or the vessels of the lung and heart, and removing pus from the chest (8). Also, it is needed with collapsed lung, pneumothorax, emphysema, and with several situations like stab or gunshot wound that is located in the chest (7). Dealing post-operatively with thoracotomy is considered to be hard because this procedure is very painful so that it prevents the patient from breathing effectively causing pneumonia or atelactasis (8). Regarding to that, physiotherapy is very important post-thoracotomy. Physiotherapy can help patients post-thoracotomy in reducing the length of hospital stay, and improving the general fitness of the patient (9). Furthermore, physical therapy can clear the secretion and improve the chest wall mobility for those patients by breathing exercises and encourage them to cough (10). In addition to that, physiotherapists will make sure that these patients can walk independently by themselves or if they need another member to help them (10). Also, patients ability to ascend and descend the stairs will be assessed before going back home (10). -2- Body of knowledge: As mentioned above, there are some diseases or situations that may lead to thoracotomy surgery. One of these diseases is pneumothorax. Pneumothorax is defined as air leaking to the space that is located between the lungs and the chest wall (11). This air will lead the lung to be collapsed (11, 12). There are many causes that can lead to pneumothorax. Pneumothorax can be caused chest injuries and some medical procedures such as fractured rib, knife or gun shot wounds, car crash, insertion of chest tubes, and procedures using a scope down the throat and into the lung (11, 12). Also, underlying lung disease which causes the lung to be damaged leads to lung collapse. These diseases include cystic fibrosis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, asthma, lung cancer, and other lung infections (11, 12). Moreover, ruptured of the air blisters is one of these causes (11). These air blisters appears on the top of the lung and there is no apparent reason of the appearance of these blisters (11). Rupture of these air blisters can occur from the change in the air pressure like scuba diving, flying, and mountain climbing (11). Further more, severe pneumothorax can be caused by the mechanical ventilation for the breathing process (11). The mechanical ventilator works on pushing and pulling the air inside and out side the lung (11). This can lead to imbalance in the air pressure of the chest and that will cause the lung to be completely collapsed (11). Pneumothorax has three types. First one is traumatic pneumothorax that is caused by penetrating chest wound (knife stab) (12, 13, 14). Second one is spontaneous pneumothorax, which is caused by emphysema or other lung disease (12, 13, 14). The last one is tension pneumothorax where the leaking air will cause a compression on -3- the chest structures and it can be caused by trauma, lung infection, and medical procedure (12, 13, 14). Moving to the sign and symptoms that are caused by pneumothorax, they involved sharp sudden chest pain that doesnt become worse by breathing (11, 12). This pain is felt at the site of affected lung where it can lead to tightness in the chest that is felt by the patient (11, 12). Also, the symptoms contain mild or severe shortness of breath (11, 12). And that will be determined by having any underlying lung disease and depending on the extent of the collapse in the lung (11, 12). In addition to that, pneumothorax symptoms may include: rapid heart rate, rapid breathing, cough, fatigue, and skin cyanosis (bluish color) because of decreasing in the oxygen levels in the blood (12). There are some risk factors that contribute in developing pneumothorax. Some of these factors are: the gender and age of the patient where men age range between 20 and 40 years who are tall and thin are more likely to develop pneumothorax than women does (12, 11). More over, risks of pneumothorax are increased by cigarettes smoking, genetic factors where it can cause a certain type of pneumothorax, and history of previous pneumothorax (11). Any individual may develop another pneumothorax after two or three years of having an old one (11). It can be developed either in the same or the other lung (11). After discussing the risk factors of pneumothorax, complications will be now debated. Complications of pneumothorax resulted from an injury or a disease may include: recurrence of pneumothorax and persistent air leak (11). This leaking air is resulted from the lung opening that fails to close where it requires surgery in order to close that leaking (11). And, in the case of severe pneumothorax, complications may involve: cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, low blood oxygen levels, and shock (11). -4- Pneumothorax can be identified or diagnosed by examining the chest using stethoscope where it shows the decreasing or the absent in the breathing sounds (12). This examination can be supported by chest x-ray to confirm the existence of pneumothorax (12, 11). In certain situations, computerized tomography can be used in order to give detailed images (11). Regarding to the treatment of pneumothorax, it rely on the severity of the disease (11). The goal of this treatment is represented in relieving the pressure that lies on the lung, preventing recurrences, and give the lung its freedom to re-expand again (11). In case of small pneumothorax the treatment contains bed rest so that the collapse is not aggravated and it will be resolved by itself within one to two weeks (11, 12). While in case of larger pneumothorax, which is companion of underlying lung disease, chest tube is used (12, 11, 14). This chest tube is located between the ribs to the area that is filled by the air which compresses on the lung (11). The chest tube works on the removing that air from the chest cavity and it can be kept for hours or days (11). Chest tube may have some complications such as pain, infection, hemorrhage, and fluid accumulation in the lung (12). In certain situations, chest tube cannot do the desired job so that surgery is required (11, 12). Some of these situations are bronchopleural fistula (lea king that doesnt close), failure of lung re-expansion, and recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax (12, 11). Example of the surgical options involves thoracotomy (13). Pneumothorax prognosis depends on two important things: extent and type of pneumothorax (12). As mentioned before, small pneumothorax doesnt need treatment (12). But the other type (larger pneumothorax), leads to 15% of mortality rate so that it needs urgent and immediate treatment (12). Both types of pneumothorax create a recurrence rate about 40% (12). Shifting to another disease stage that also may requires thoracotomy. This -5- disease is hemothorax disease. Hemothorax is an accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity which is a space located between the chest wall and the lung (15, 16). The main cause that can leads to the development of hemothorax is a trauma to the chest (15, 16, 14). This trauma leads to a rupture for the serous membrane that covers the lung or line the thorax causing the leakage of blood to the pleural cavity (15). Other causes of hemothorax may include patients with a defect of blood clotting, placement of central venous catheter, death of lung tissue, lung or pleural cancer, and tuberculosis (15). This disease is associated by many signs and symptoms such as chest pain low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, shallow breathing, shortness of breath, and restlessness (16). Also, the symptoms may include tracheal which means a deviation to normal side, cyanosis, decreased or absent of breath sounds on the affected side, and possibility of subcutaneous emphysema (15). Every disease is accom panied by complications. In hemothorax, the complications that are associated with it may involve pneumothorax, shock, fibrosis or scarring of the pleural membrane, and death. Hemothorax diagnosis can be done using several tests like chest x-ray, CT scan, pleural fluid analysis, and thoracentesis (16). After diagnosing hemothorax, immediate intervention should be taken to stop the bleeding and removing the blood from the pleural cavity (15). Removing that blood is the job of the chest tube which is inserted in the chest wall in a procedure that is tube thoracostomy (16, 15). The blood that is existing in the chest can be thickened and clot in the pleural cavity or within the chest tube (16). That will cause retained hemothorax in the plural cavity or occlusion of chest tube (16). As pneumothorax, if the chest tube fails in the control of the bleeding, thoracotomy surgery is necessary in order to control and stop the bleeding (15). Regarding to the prognosis of hemothorax, it rely on the cause and the -6- quick treatment for hemothorax. If hemothorax doesnt be treated, the collected blood will place a pressure on the mediastinum and the trachea (15). And this pressure will play a role in causing the deviation of trachea to normal side (15). Last disease that will be discussed is lung cancer. Lung cancer is a disease where an uncontrolled growing of the cells in the lung tissue occurs (17). This disease is the leader of the death in 1.3 million men and women worldwide (17). In case of the cancer that develops in the airway, it can causes obstruction in the air flow leading to difficulty in breathing (17). Because of this obstruction, the secretion will be accumulated and will cause pneumonia (17). Lung cancer can be caused by carcinogens like tobacco smoke that leads to synergistic effect and cause lung cancer. Also, viruses can cause lung cancer by affecting the cell cycle and by the inhibition of apoptosis which plays a role in the uncontrolled cell division. There are two main types of the lung cancer: non-small-cell lung carcinoma and small-cell lung carcinoma. It is important to determine the type of the cancer because depending on that, the treatment will vary. Sometimes non-small-cell lung carcinoma is treated by a surgery that is called lobectomy in the early stage. While in small-cell lung carcinoma using chemotherapy and radiation are more effective and give better results. Having lung cancer is associated by some signs and symptoms. These signs and symptoms involve shortness of breath, hemoptysis that means coughing up blood, wheezing when listening to the chest, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Moreover, chest pain or abdomen pain, weight loss, dysphagia where the patient face difficulty in swallowing, and dysphonia which means having a hoarse voice. This disease can be diagnosed by the chest radiograph and the CT scan. In order to detect the lung cancer early, examining of the patients sputum with other screening examination are necessary. Lung cancer treatment contains several ways: -7- surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. For the prognosis of the lung cancer, it is poor for the both main types. There are some prognostic factors that may affect the prognosis. In non-small-cell lung cancer, these factors include the pulmonary symptoms, tumor size, cell type, and vascular invasion. And in the small-cell lung cancer, the factors are the performance status, gender, and the stage of the disease (17). All of these diseases may require thoracotomy surgery. Regarding the thoracotomy surgery here in Kuwait, the most common surgery that is performed normally during thoracotomy is the lobectomy surgery where it means removal of a whole lung lobe. Thoracotomies surgeries usually take 3 to 4 hours (8). During the procedure, the patient will be under general anesthesia and he will be lying on his side with an elevation of his arm (7, 8). Then an incision will be made (7,8). If it is an anterior thoracotomy, the incision will be vertical from the base of the neck to the l ower end of the sternum (7). And if it is a lateral thoracotomy, the incision will be between two ribs from the front to the back where the ribs will be spread from each other (7, 8). In some cases part of the ribs will be removed (7,8). Lateral thoracotomy Anterior thoracotomy After that, chest tube will be inserted when the procedure is done in order to ensure and allow the blood and the air to get out from the chest (7, 8). Finally, stitches will be used to close the incision and the chest will be bandaged to avoid the infection (7, 8). Following thoracotomy, the patient will stay at the hospital for 5 to 10 days unless -8- complications have been developed (8). Some of these complications are: bleeding, infections, blood clots, and severe pain (8, 7, 6). The risk of these complications may be increased by several factors such as previous stroke or heart attack, age, trauma, and heavy smoking (8). AS any surgery thoracotomy patients will receive post-operative care. At the hospital, the patient will be on IV lines and tubes and he will receive antibiotics, pain medicine, anti nausea drugs. And the patient will be referred to the physical therapy (8). After being discharged from the hospital, the patient must follow some guidelines in order to help in early recovery. Some of these guidelines are drinking plenty of fluids, avoid smoking, and avoid environments that have germs or chemical irritants (8). Most of the patients are worried about returning to the work after the surgery. While working some activities should be avoided like lifting or pushing heavy objects until he completely recovers and the inc ision completely healed (8). Also, patient should avoid prolonged standing for several weeks (7). Moreover, the patient must contact his doctor in case of any of the following occurs: difficulty in breathing, coughing up yellow, green or bloody mucus, severe vomiting, excessive bleeding and increasing in pain (8). PT Role: Back to the role of physiotherapy, it is very important in enhancing the patients health after thoracotomy surgery. Physiotherapy interventions will cover three main areas: chest care, general mobility, and home advices (18). Regarding to the chest care, any individual who is undergoing major surgery will develop chest problems (18). These chest problems will occur either if the patient has or has no history of smoking and chest problems (18). There are many reasons behind the development of these problems after thoracotomy surgery. These reasons include: the anesthetic gases -9- where they work on increasing the amount of secretion production, making the patient breaths shallowly, and making the patient cough less effectively of the gluey secretion (18). Also, the operation itself is one of these reasons. While performing thoracotomy surgery, the lungs are not fully inflated so that they need to be re-expanded following the surgery (18). Other reasons are the wound and the patient posture where the feeling of the discomfort may leads to the inhibition of the deep breathing and coughing effectively, and the patients posture also leads to chest problems. Slumped posture whether it was in sitting or lying can leads to the inability of taking full deep breath. In addition to all that reasons, decreased in the activity level of the patient considered to be one of the chest problem reasons. This decrease in the level of the activities after the operation can cause an accumulation of the secretion and the shallow breathing. In order to recover and prevent the chest problems, the physiotherapist will give the patient a variety of breathing exercises like segmental breathing exercise and sustained breathing exercise. And these exercises must be done in the up right position. Also, physiotherapists will teach the patient the effective way of coughing in order to get rid of the secretion. In addition to that, the patient will be taught how to use the spirometer to increase the amount of inhaled and exhaled air. Moving to the general mobility that can also aids in the prevention of the chest problems and other complications. Following the surgery, physiotherapist will make the patient sit out of the bed in a chair to enhance and increase the depth of breathing. Then, the physiotherapist will work on making the patient walks as soon as possible. Walking exercises helps in the airway clearance, taking deep breath, and increasing the patients strength after thoracotomy surgery. Day by day the physiotherapist will increase the amount of walking. Also, shoulder mobility is one of the mobility -10- exercises that will be given to the patient. Shoulder mobility on the affected side is an important exercise that must be done after the surgery to help in the improvement of the range of motion and in the prevention of the joint stiffness. Moreover, physiotherapist will provide the patient with postural exercises and advices because he will lean toward the operated side in order to decrease the pain. This leaning will lead to a neck and back pain and stiffness. So being in the up right position will prevent that pain and stiffness. When its the time to return back home and being discharged, the physiotherapist will give the patient a home program. After being discharged, the patient must continue with the exercises that he was doing with the physiotherapist in the hospital. The patient must keep on doing the breathing exercises to enhance the function of the lungs. Also, the patient must not stop the shoulder and the postural exercises so that the therapist makes sure that the movement will be maintained. Finally, the patient has to continue with the walking exercise and gradually increase its amount and he also can climb stairs to improve his strength (18). There are some studies that were done in order to prove the effectiveness of the physiotherapy post-thoracotomy surgery. Back in the year 2006, Ganzalo Varela and others did a study. This study was done to evaluate the influence of implementing a routine program of intensive chest physiotherapy on post operation respiratory morbidity and hospital costs in a series of pulmonary lobectomy patients during thoracotomy. 639 patients were asked to stop smoking before 3 weeks from the surgery. Subjects were assigned into control and physiotherapy treatment group. Before starting the physiotherapy program, patients were encouraged by the nurses to ambulate and to perform deep breathing maneuvers using incentive spirometer. The physiotherapy program was started before one day of surgery till the discharge day. -11- During the physiotherapy program, the patients were using a treadmill and an ergometer bicycle under the supervision of the physiotherapist. Using the treadmill and the ergometer bicycle helps in performing an effective cough and deep inspiratory maneuvers. Also, the program contains arm and shoulder exercises to prevent upper extremity impairment. The outcomes that were studied were the occurrence of post operative pulmonary complications (pneumonia and atelectasis), post operative death, and the length of hospital stay. Regarding the length of stay, it was measured from the admission date to the discharged date. The results of the study were positive. Concerning the mortality rate, it was lower in the physiotherapy treatment group (0.8% in physiotherapy group, 3.5% in the control group). And for the rates of the pneumonia and atelectasis, they were also lower in the physiotherapy treatment group. Rates of pneumonia were 5% in physiotherapy group, and 9.2% in the control group. For the atelectasis rates, they were 2% in the physiotherapy group and 7.7% in the control group. Finally concerning the length of stay, its median was 5.73 days (range, 3-22 days) in the physiotherapy group and 8.33 days (range, 3-40 days) in the control group (19). Another study was done in the year 2008, in order to look for the physiotherapy effectiveness in the reduction of the post operative pulmonary complications, pain, and lenght5 of stay. The subjects were assigned to a group that receive physiotherapy treatment or a group that receive an information sheet only. And the results of the study were proving the effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions (20). -12- Conclusion: According to the previous discussion and studies, the physical therapy has a role in preventing and treating the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s problems post- thoracotomy surgery. From the preventive side, the physiotherapists work on eliminating, decreasing, and preventing the impairments and the limitations of the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s activity. These limitations and impairments can be developed after the surgery if there was no care or if they have been neglected. Because of that, the physiotherapists are taking these preventions in order to limit those limitations and impairments. And from the treatment side, the physiotherapists are giving the patients treatment exercises that help in solving and treating the complications that already develop after thoracotomy or any surgery. These complications are the chest problems either it was secretion production, decreased chest expansion. -13-

Founding Of The Ryanair Airline Company

Founding Of The Ryanair Airline Company In 1985 Cathal and Declan Ryan has founded the company. The airline started with a fifteen (15) seater Embraer Bandeirante turboprop aircraft and it was flying between Gatwick London and Waterford. On that time London-Ireland flights held by Aer Lingus and BA (British Airways). The company added a new route between Dublin and London in 1986 and competition started with the AL/BA duopoly. Company was refused by the government of Ireland, but the conservative government of UK has approved this new service. According to some analysis Company was generating the loss instead of profit but the mean time number of customers increased frequently. By 1991 company started to thinking about to make airline profitable and this task has been given to the Michael OLeary. Ryan the founder of company suggested and encouraged Micheal to study the US airline model No Frill/Low Fares), which was using by the Southwest Airline in US and after that the model was implemented in the Ryanair. In 1995 at the completion of 10 year of the company, the Ryanair was carrying 2.25 million passengers. Ryanair overtakes the Air Lingus in the same year and became largest passengers airline between Dublin and London and largest airline on any route in the Ireland. Mission statement: Mission of Ryanair is Provide Low fare Rate travelling at all the time for all the routes. Key service commitment Puncuality Objectives: Rynair believes on the following factors: One way reservation to make flexible return for the passengers. By controlling equipment cost, personal productivity and customer service cost operating cost keep low. For peer groups best customer service Maintain shor-haul routes frequently point-to-point flights. Flight confirmation and reservation system availability on the internet. No compromise on safety and quality maintenance of airplanes By using ancillary service enhancement of operating results. Focusing on the criteria of Growth, like more routes and increased frequency. External Analysis Political Analysis Ryanair operates throughout the Europe and any political changes in any country can be effect the strategy of Ryanair. Ryanair has some dispute on each passenger flew at Newquay Airport with Cornwall Country Council. Tax policy is another issue for Ryanair which can be create problems for the company. Another political issue regarding the cash back that European Law is to fare return if any cancellation of the flight. This is not a big issue for Ryanair because Ryanair maintains their high quality service. An announcement by the government of Ireland To break up the state monopoly may be brought some questions in European airline industry. However, if this plan implemented then Ryanair can be seriously affected It may block Ryanair future expansion in the Ireland. Economic Analysis Ryanair is European based company and so many of its operations are not affected by the exchange rate, as single currency operates many of these countries. The only economical issue can the price of Oil, as Oil pricing are increasing frequently, this can be effect the low fare strategy of the company. The taxation policy bring negative impact on the employees of the company as Europen Union has announced EU deleted duty-free on intra-EU. Social Analysis European Union is and economic union of 27 countries. They developed a single market and single currency for exchange. A large number of people travel every day from one country to another country so they need a best solution and cheap fare travelling which is provided by the Ryanair. Technology Analysis Ryanair is taking the best advantage of technology by providing solution through the internet. But this trend is growing in the European Airline Industry and other airlines are establishing their website. By using the technology Ryanair save cost and open up revenue like advertisement income. Environment Analysis Greenhouse emission is the big issue which is facing by Ryanair. Ryanair strategy has a positive environmental impact. At present, aviation accounts for roughly 5% of the UKs emissions, but this is expected to rise to 25% by 2030 (Economist 2005:35). The other main environmental issue is noise, the 737-800 will to reduce this issue. Legal Analysis The reiterated rule against illegal state subsidies hoped to be establish fair deal for the airline industry of Europe. EU decision was based on non-discrimination legislation preventing airport from offering differential deal to different airline operators. On the contrary, Ryanair may need to repay penalty for breaking rule. Porters Five Forces Analysis Bargaining power of suppliers Ryanairs main suppliers are Boeing. Two possible suppliers of planes for Ryanair in the market are Airbus and Boeing but Ryanairs main supplier is Boeing.Tring to switch supplier would be very costly because pilots would have to trained for the new mechanics. Ryanair controls aviation fuel through prevarication Price. Small and regional airports can have little bargaining power as compare to big and commercial airports because they only dependent on one airline. Ryanair avoid big airports and work from regional airports such as Stainsted and Gatwick. Bargaining Power of Customers Customers are price sensitive. It is very easy for customer to switch from one airline to other airline. Due to the increasing trend of reservation through internet customer can easily change airline. Ryanair is providing very low fare to customers but customers are not loyal. Threat of New Entrants Rynair can handle this issue by following these steps  · Put Some barriers and obstacles to newentry:  · Availability of some restricted slots make more difficult to find suitable airports for new entrants.  · By Starting price war. Competitive Rivalry There is very high competition in the market. Too many service providers are in the rivalry. Ryanair has first mover advantage in this market bacuase when they started the service their was no service providers but now there are many airlines in the competition with Ryanair. 3. Ryanairs Resources and Capabilities Resources: Ryanair has following threshold resources 1. Financial Resources 2. Hub Set up in Regional Airports 3. Number of Aircrafts Following unique resources make Ryanair distinguish from their competitors: 1. Website 2. Boeing 737 Aircrafts 3. CEO Michael O Leary 4. Award of Best managed Airline 5. Dedicated Team of Management 6. Ryanair Direct Limited Competences: Threshold Competences: Low Fares Advanced Reservation System Baggage handling On time service Operating expanses in Euro Currency Advertising and ancillary services sales Core Competences: 1. Efficient Staff Low costs of staff training 2. Fast Turnaound time management 3. Free Seat Givaways No fares 4. Good Quality Service No1 5. Third party service outsourcing 6. Performance related pay structure 7. Labour costs lower than rivals. 4. Strategic Situation SWOT Analysis of Ryanairs Environment Strengths of the Company Brand name: Ryanair has very well recognised brand name in the LCC market. Low airport charges: Ryanair has advantage of low charges for airport. First mover: This advantage acts as a barrier to new entry Bookings on the Internet: More than 94% booking on the internet contributes in low cost distribution Aircrafts-Boeing: Ryanair has A uniform fleet for maintenance. High performance: Punctuality, low baggage loss. Utilization of Aircraft: By keep maintaining Ryanair is able to flies longer and generating more revenue from assets. Small headquarters: Low on overheads Weaknesses of the Company Niche market: Restricted expansion possibility Distance of Airports: Many regional airports are far from advertised destination. Changes in-charges frequently Opportunities There is a lot of new destinations expected to open as European Union is going to be enlarge: The market share would be doubled as there is still potential in the company to capture market share. Recession can help as Ryanair offers low fare cost and can catch the new customers as economy is slow down. Threats for the Company Increasing price of oil is a big threat for company as fuel costs depend on the oil market.  · Low fare competition is increased  · Europena court dicision can make more difficult to make expansion.  · Growth in the South European market is limited  · Bargaining power increases on regional airports  · Customers are price sensitive 5. Strategic choice. Options 1. Low cost strategies- First Otion is to Continue the low cost strategy to remain top of the Cost Leadership 2. New Investment: New investment can be made for modernised fleet. Will become more uniformed with only one model (737-800) which leads to cheap maintenance. Ryanair would use the next generation aircraft Boeing 737-800 as an opportunity to rejuvenate the image of the company. By using new quality infrasture and Boeing 737-800 the perception can be made false which is Ryanair is los cost service, it is also a low quality service. Change in uniform can increase the confident level of staff and provide a good change for the customers. It will be inexpensive relatively and will not effect the companys equity in wide range and companys price leadership strategy will not be destroyed. 3. New markets: Look for the new places in the Europe to expand the business. Michael Porters Generic Strategies For Ryanair to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage, Michael Porter suggests that any company/organisation can follow either one of three generic strategies.  · Strategy 1: Cost Leadership.  · Strategy 2: Differentiation  · Strategy 3: Niche strategies  · Are you Stuck in the middle? Opt. #1 Cost Leadership Strategy: To enhance growth of the company Ryanair should pursue Cost leadership strategy which is provided by the Porters Generic Strategy. Cost Leadership could be done in the following ways:  · Increasing profits by reducing the costs, while charging industry-average prices. Increasing market share through charging lower prices, while still making a reasonable profit on each sale due to reduced costs. Bowmans Strategy Clock The Strategy Clock is based upon the work of Cliff Bowman (see C. Bowman and D. Faulkner Competitive and Corporate Strategy Irwin 1996). This is an appropriate way to analyze a companys competitive position in comparison to the offerings of competitors. Ansoff Matrix Ansoffs Product/Market Matrix Opt. #1 Opt. #2 Opt. #3 Market Penetration Option 1 Market penetration technique can used in the current market with current brand or product. By repositioning the brand and or promoting the products Ryanair can increase its revenue. Product Development Option 2 Product development means bringing a new product in the existing market. This is where Ryanair will market their newest investment. Ryanair would lounge a new product to the existing market this will help to increase the profitability of the company and awareness of new brand can bring more customers towards the organisation. Market Development Here, Ryanair would try to open up new markets possibly some where in the Europe and can provide current product or service to those markets. Implementation Methods of Options The Following is a table showing the three options chosen above and the implementation method chosen for each option. Option Implementation Method Proposed Continuation of low cost strategies Organic Growth 2- 2-Investment in modernised fleet, which leads to less expensive maintenance Organic Growth Try to expand the European markets to accommodate more European countries and also open new markets servicing parts of North America, South America and the Caribbean Organic Growth Figure 4: Table showing Options and the Implementation method proposed Organic growth Organic growth refers to the growth that achieved by internally investments made by the firm inside the organization. Organic growth is rate of business expansion through increasing the output and sales as opposed to acquisitions and take-over by the other organisation. There are some benefits of this method Latest Technology Cost Spread Choice of Location No Inappropriate Cultural History The above options can be evaluated for suitability, acceptability and feasibility and then these can be successfully implemented. Suitability means wheather a strategy fulfil the requirements those are needed to remain operating an organisation. Moreover whether the chosen options are in the line of mission, vision and objective of the organisation. To test suitability following should be determined: Examine whether the organisation possess the key resources to pursue the option. Analysis of the organisations external environment, whether the option is suited for the organisation. Determine the competitive advantage and if go ahead with the option would it lead the organisation to a good financial performance. 2. Acceptability Acceptability concerned with the expected performance outcome of the strategy. A financial risk analysis should be done here. The effectiveness of the impact on the following: Employees Bankers Customers Suppliers Stakeholders Shareholders 3. Feasibility Feasibility examines the following options: Internal constraints which would restrict the implementation of the option and also the weakness that would constrict the option Would the option improve performance level within the resources? What resources are possessed and additional requirements to pursue the options Commitment from managers and human resource and the physical constraints e.g. industry-rights and air-space legislation. Suitability Life Cycle Analysis Life Cycle Analysis showing Ryanairs position The above figure shows the Life Cycle Analysis for Ryanair. Ryanair is providing services from the last two decades and we can say that the company is in its maturity stage, it can be seen from the above figure. Keeping continue low cost strategies Ryanair can increase the sales and defiantly profitability of the organisation can be increased. Ryanair should use the next generation aircraft as an opportunity and new fashioned uniform can be give the better dynamic look of the organisation. Climate change is playing a critical role. Due to change of climate Eastern Europ contries are becoming tour places and attracting the visitor to there. Thousand of visitors are travelling to Eastern countries every year just for only visiting the places. Skyroute aviation has already started flights for some of these places but still there are opportunities for Ryanair. Value Chain Analysis Infrastructure HRM Techn.Dev. Procurement Inbound Operations Outbound Marketing Service Logistics Logistics Sales Figure 6: An Illustration of Ryanairs Value Chain The main core competencies of Ryanair are: Their unique cost cutting policy Robustness Culture Implementation of option 1: Continue following the low cost strategies, takes into consideration all of Ryanairs main core competencies. In terms of robustness, competitors of Ryanair can imitate but if not implemented in the right way, could prove detrimental to competitors. Implemention of Option 2: New Investment: New investment for modrnised fleet, leads to cheap maintenance: will become more uniformed with only one model (737-800). Large amount of finance should be needed for the option because buying new aircraft is not a cheaper solution. But Ryanair can afford this solution and can go ahead with thic option. Being such a large airline, with  £300 million profit only in 2007 and having a high level of dominance in the European market, this option proves to be the most suitable for the organisation. Option 3: New Markets: By expanding business into new market can be profitable as we discussed above in this report there are some opportunities in Eastern European countries where a large scale of profit can be seen easily. Ryanair should go for it and by expanding business into new countries and new markets within the Europe will help to generate a large amount of profit. The most Suitable strategic option to be implemented is Option 2: Investment in modernised fleet, which leads to less expensive maintenance: will become more uniformed with only one model (737-800), also newer planes will require less maintenance. Acceptability Option 2: New Investment: Acceptability for option 2 which leads to less expensive maintenance: will become more uniformed with only one model (737-800), also newer planes will require less maintenance. This is large profit generating option and the return will almost one and a half times the profit of 2007. The aim of product development is to fulfil the requirements and follow the changes need by the customers. To satisfying the customers about the service of Ryanair that Ryanair is providing them a better quality service as compare to others. In this option Ryanair also introduced a new fashioned uniform for the employees so they can feel change and this will build a good relationship between customers and staff. Benefit to Stakeholders: Following this option all shareholders will get benefit because their share value will increase. Banks also get benefit in terms of large amount need to implement this option, so bank defiantly will involve. By following this option public perception accordingly get changed. They feel the change as new uniformed aircrafts, fleets and new dressed staff is ready to welcoming them at airport and airplanes. Feasibility Option two is perfect for the company because Ryanair possess all the resources which are needed for the option such as finance. The above diagram shows the 2055 to 2008 there was two times growth in Ryanairs revenue and more than 50 percent profit increase. So it is cleare that financial capabilities of Ryanair can support this option and hence it is feasible for the company. Ryanair is paying better to their employees over the last year. The employees of Ryanair are getting highst pay among other airlines operating in Europe. With the implementation of option 2 Ryanair can continue to provide hundreds of new jobs and tens of promotional opportunities. Ryanair is a Europes major airline which is 50% cheaper than any other European airline. Ryanair is continue to grow. Accordint to IATA (Internation Air Transport Association Ryanair is worlds largest international airline which carries Largent international passengers.

Organizational Behavior: Terminology and Concepts :: essays research papers

Organizational Behavior: Terminology and Concepts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organizations today often encourage change to better the work environment. However, these changes often cause unwanted results which were not expected. This leads us to observe organizational behavior (OB) in hopes of minimizing unwanted and/or negative changes within an organization. Organizational behavior, organizational culture, diversity, communication, organizational effectiveness and efficiency, and organizational learning are all factors within an organization. These terms must first be defined in order to create a truly more efficient work environment. Centrix Financial ensures their growth and success by establishing an effective pattern which includes all of the factors of organizational behavior. Organizational behavior is defined as â€Å"the study of individuals and groups in organizations†. (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2003, p. 2) This definition helps us to better understand the organizational behavior which businesses practice on a day-to-day basis. At Centrix Financial, organizational behavior is helps managers implement new ideas. This is done by observing the changes which must be made in order to achieve a more productive and successful organization. Organizational culture is defined as â€Å"the system of shared actions, values, and beliefs that develops within an organization and guides the behavior of its members. In the business setting, this system is often referred to as the corporate culture. Just as no two individual personalities are the same, no two organizational cultures are identical.† (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2003, p. 2) Communication within the organizational behavior helps with many aspects of an organization. First, open-communication allows employees to feel respected and valued because they can walk into their manager’s office and discuss any thoughts he or she may be have. Second, communication ensures that all problems are dealt with and not over-looked. The third benefit to communication is that new ideas can be generated from anyone who wishes to help out the organization.