Researcch paper on human geography topic Olympic tourism and economics Essay

Researcch paper on human geography topic Olympic tourism and economics - Essay Example When tourists return home from Olympics, people back home hear stories of their experiences from them and form opinions or change their existing opinions about these countries, which may motivate them to visit these countries. Foreign tourists create an impact of major economic significance. The greater the facilities in anticipation of the Games, the greater will the number of tourists who visit the country to watch the Games. A city gains an awareness and an image by virtue of hosting the Games, which "is a very important Olympic legacy" (Preuss, n.d., p.3). The transfer of a city's image occurs through information from media reports, direct communication from tourists, advertisements and personal visits. There is also some negative impact of Olympics on tourism which is more often than not overlooked. The Games may persuade a certain group of tourists to stay away from the host city. Preuss (n.d., p.7) classifies them as avoiders, time switchers, changers, and runaways. Avoiders a re tourists who would have visited the city but for the Olympics. Time switchers are tourists who want to visit the city but would choose another time. Changers are residents who would prefer to take their holiday and leave the city at the time of Olympics. Runaways are residents who leave the city at the time of Olympics for a holiday elsewhere. On the contrary, "home stayers" are residents who opt to stay back and spend their money in the host city during Olympics, "Olympians" are tourists who travel to the host city because of the Olympics and "extentioners" are tourists who are already in the host city and who stay on longer because of the Olympics (Preuss, n.d.. p.7). Mega-sports events like Olympics, projected for their immense tourism and economic potential, have also great potential for corruption for selfish political gains. The bidding process itself poses immense scope for corruption. "Bribery, first-class travel, showers of gifts, credit cards for IOC member shopping sprees and IOC hostesses are some of the costs incurred by bidding cities" (Higham, 1999, p.82). According to Jennings (as cited in Higham, 1999, p.83), the bidding process is "a most effective means of transferring money from the public purse into private pockets." Mega events like the Olympics needs huge infrastructural facilities and the large-scale developments that a host city undertakes in anticipation of such an event ensures large-scale economic benefits to the private sector rather than economic opportunities for the residents of the host city. The intervention of business and commercial interests through Olympic sponsors has led to such dramatic expansion of Olympic s ports that "no single city now can provide sufficient urban infrastructure" (Higham, 1999, p.84). Sports of a lesser label is not associated with these problems, as they are hosted in a city within its existing infrastructure and capacity thresholds, with the atmosphere promoted due to the subculture of supporters. This might enhance the image of the host city, as the sport becomes one of its cultural attractions. This form of sport-motivated tourism brings economic benefits to the local community without causing a strain on its public

Ethics of Child Labor Essay Example for Free

Ethics of Child Labor Essay Ethics of Child Labor I. Intro A. During the nineteenth and early twentieth century child labor was a rampant problem with the advancements in technology. Then during the mid twentieth century, the United States started implementing child labor laws such as setting an age limit for somebody to work for pay and also setting certain health and safety codes at the work place. Despite efforts to prevent child labor, it is still prevalent in some areas in the world today. Most of these children work on small farms. II. Is Child Labor right or wrong? A. Pros: i. Human Rights Watch says that child farm workers in the United States- the vast majority of whom are Latino- regularly work 12 to 14 hour days, often suffering pesticide poisonings, heat-related illness, machine and knife-related injuries, and life-long disabilities. Many are forced to work without access to toilet or hand-washing facilities or adequate drinking water. (Cray 4) i. Helps support a struggling family financially ii. Child labor has a place in the world economy as long as it is neither hazardous or dead-end work, where the child laborers can still get an education and thereby help their families out of poverty since an education will ensure better paying jobs in the long run. iii. Work alongside their parents is both a financial necessity, and also part of the ethnic family work ethic. B. Cons: i. Illnesses, injury, lifelong disabilities. ii. The associative qualities of child labor is it produces a negative image of the associated company, country, family that enforces it. iii. Emotional distress is put on that child for life III. Jeremy Bentham A. Ethical System including the influence of Theology 1. Moral Aspects of Awareness: i. Finitude-â€Å"capacity of transcendence which gives humans the ability to imagine their own end†(Schaffer 66). ii. Incompleteness-â€Å"Comes from a sense of transcendence- we are able to imagine states which we can never quite achieve. This is about the individual†(Schaffer 66). 2. Beliefs about Right and Wrong i. Hedonic calculas:â€Å"According to this doctrine, the way to judge between alternative courses of action is to consider the consequences of each, in terms of the pleasure and pain of all the people affected†(Mills 281) 3. Definition of Good i. â€Å"Utilitarianism presupposes one overriding moral principle: that one ought to aim at the greatest happiness of the greatest number. â€Å"(Mills 280) ii. Bentham thought what was good was whatever gave the most amount of pleasure to the most amount of people iii. Subjective Theory of Value-â€Å"How I feel, not a matter of right or wrong, knowledge not needed. â€Å"(Schaffer 73) 4. Obligations i. â€Å"If the central question of political philosophy is taken to be: â€Å"Why, if at all, should the citizen obey the state? The utilitarian answer is quite clear. The citizen should obey just so far as obedience ill contribute more to the general happiness than disobedience. If the central question is taken to be the nature and ontological status of the state, the answer is equally clear: the state is not a super-entity with purposes and a will of its own, but a human contrivance to enable men to realize as many of their desires as possible. â€Å"(Mills 281) ii. Explanation: Bentham believes it is the obligations of the state to provide the people basic pleasures and if the state is doing that then the people should comply with some of the states’ demands and if that is not the case then the people don’t have listen to the state. 5. Ideals and Virtues i. â€Å"It is as the exponent of utilitarianism and as the acknowledged leader of the philosophical radicals, whose program of social reform was firmly based on utilitarian theory, that Bentham is chiefly remembered. He thought of the principle of utility as primarily a guide for legislators. Thought it he hoped to impart some order into chaos and illogic of the law†(Mills 281) ii. â€Å"Perhaps the crucial question for a utilitarian ethic intended mainly for lawyers and legislators is whether it can account adequately for justices. It may be argued that justice requires the equalization as well as the maximization of pleasures. It is not unjust to require me to endure five units of pain on Monday for the sake of ten units of pleasure on Tuesday. But is it just to require Smith to endure five units of pain for the sake of ten units of pleasure for Jones? It is doubtful whether Bentham can meet this objection. He does, however argue that the maximization of pleasure will itself involve an equalizing tendency. This is because the economist’s law of diminishing utility applies to pleasure. The minor amenities of life afford much pleasure to someone whose other pleasures are few, but comparatively little to someone whose pleasures are many. Consequently, while it is true that a utilitarian, forced to choose between a course of action that gives X and Y 10 units of pleasure each and one that gives X 31 units of pleasure and Y 10 units of pain, will prefer the second, it is also true that such choices are most likely to arise when X’s life is as a general rue more painful than Y’s†(Mills 283) iii. Sincerity-free from pretense or deceit, proceeding from genuine feelings (Oxford American Dictionaries) iv. Tranquility-quality or state of being tranquil;calmness;peacefulness;quiet;serenity(Dictionary. com) 6. Culpability/Consequence i. â€Å"In Bentham’s view, our conviction that it is unjust to punish an innocent man is based on nothing but the empirical consideration that punishing the innocent is not likely to deter others from crime. This is, however, not always true: the innocent man may be a hostage, or he may be generally thought to be guilty. †(Mills 283-284) ii. Consenquence:â€Å"a conclusion derived through logic, something produced by a cause or necessarily following from a set of conditions. † (Merriam Webster Dictionary) B. How Bentham would address Child Labor i. If Bentham were assessing the issue of child Labor he would probably take into account the pleasure and pain involving the children and the employers. From the employers point of view their getting workers working for lower pay and also more capability of certain tasks rather than adults. From the children point of view, Bentham would see that it would be a advantage for a struggling family for their children to work to help put food on the table also it could help inspire a stronger work ethic for the children. Then when calculating the pain involved, that would be attributed to possible injuries and diseases the child might get and also the trauma inflicted upon the child and family. Bentham would also recognize the outrage of other countries around the world that condemn child labor as a legal practice. Using hedonic calculus, Bentham would determine if this right or wrong and taking account of all the pleasure and pain involved he would probably come with the conclusion that Child Labor is wrong. IV. Aristotle A. Ethical system including the influence of theology 1. Moral aspect of awareness i. Unfinished-â€Å"Seeking the Other half-we have to drive to discover otherness through poetry, literature, movies, etc; profound desire to be in relation/community Philosophical Religious Understandings-in complete (dream) Aristotle, long for innocence Augustine†(Schaffer 66). ii. Explanation: Aristotle thought that to reach a higher level of being we must engage ourselves in the field of arts to reach the other half of our self 2. Beliefs about right or wrong i. Aristotle believed good was something that brought you happiness or fulfills your desires. ii. Aristotle also believed if you don’t overly indulge yourself in your desires then it would be considered ethical but if you indulge in excess then it would be unethical 3. Ideals and Virtues i. Temprance:†The Greek philosopher Socrates considered temperance to be almost synonymous with self-mastery. The temperate person, he argued, is the one who exercises control over his or her desires and thereby escapes domination by them. Aristotle took a similar view, holding self-indulgence to be childish. For these philosophers, and for many of the ethicists that followed them, the hallmarks of temperance are moderation and restraint of one’s desires and passions. †(Ruggiero 112) ii. Prudence:† This virtue known also as practical wisdom, consists of choosing one’s behavior judiciously by consulting experience and deliberating thoughtfully about what response is most appropriate. Prudence is the exact opposite of rashness and impulsiveness. †(Ruggiero 111-112) 4. Definition of Good i. Subjective theory of Value: â€Å"How I feel =not a matter of right or wrong; knowledge not needed†(Schaffer 73) ii. Aristotle thought whatever was good was whatever fulfilled your desires or made you happy 5. Obligations i. Obligations of friendship:â€Å"Friendship entails mutual respect and a special interest in the other’s well being. It requires one to rejoice at the other’s success and good fortune and to share the pain of the other’s disappointment and failure. It also requires on to be trust-worthy about confidences, to provide emotional support when it is needed, and to restrain the urge to be critical in small matters. †(Ruggiero 100) ii. Obligations of friendship:â€Å"Citizenship obligates a person to promote the well-being of the country and fellow citizens by respecting and observing the law and respecting the legitimate initiatives of the country’s leaders, even if one disagrees with their political perspective. In a democracy, it also requires participation in the electoral process. When the country is unjustly attacked, it is also a citizen’s responsibility, conscience permitting, to support the country’s response and even, if one is young and healthy enough, to play an active role in the country’s defense. † (Ruggiero 100) 6. Culpability/Consequence i. Consenquence:â€Å"a conclusion derived through logic, something produced by a cause or necessarily following from a set of conditions. † (Merriam Webster Dictionary) B. How Aristotle would approach Child Labor i. Aristotle would approach Child from a subjective theory of value and determine if it was right or wrong depending on the situation. For example if the family of the child is in desperate for money then he would consider it ethical for child to work. But if the child is suffering from the work then Aristotle would then consider it unethical. VI. My ethical system A. Ethical System Including the Influence of Theology 1. Moral Aspect of Awareness i. Incompleteness: â€Å"Comes from a sense of transcendence-we are able t imagine states which we can never quite achieve. We have a desire to have a complete awareness of our incompleteness† (Schaffer 66). ii. Unfinished-â€Å"Seeking the Other half-we have to drive to discover otherness through poetry, literature, movies, etc; profound desire to be in relation/community Philosophical Religious Understandings-in complete (dream) Aristotle, long for innocence Augustine†(Schaffer 66). 2. 3. Beliefs about right and wrong i. Believe you should do whatever gives you most amount of satisfaction and security. 4. Definition of Good i. Subjective Theory of Value: â€Å"Subjective theory of Value: â€Å"How I feel =not a matter of right or 5. Ideals and Virtues i. i. Justice-â€Å"Evaluation of situations according to their merits, without prejudice, and giving each person his or her due†(Ruggiero 102) ii. tranquility: quality or state of being tranquil;calmness;peacefulness;quiet;serenity iii. Temprance:†The Greek philosopher Socrates considered temperance to be almost synonymous with self-mastery. The temperate person, he argued, is the one who exercises control over his or her desires and thereby escapes domination by them. Aristotle took a similar view, holding self-indulgence to be childish. For these philosophers, and for many of the ethicists that followed them, the hallmarks of temperance are moderation and restraint of one’s desires and passions. †(Ruggiero 112) iv. Prudence:† This virtue known also as practical wisdom, consists of choosing one’s behavior judiciously by consulting experience and deliberating thoughtfully about what response is most appropriate. Prudence is the exact opposite of rashness and impulsiveness. †(Ruggiero 111-112) 6. Obligations i. Obligations of friendship:â€Å"Friendship entails mutual respect and a special interest in the other’s well being. It requires one to rejoice at the other’s success and good fortune and to share the pain of the other’s disappointment and failure. It also requires on to be trust-worthy about confidences, to provide emotional support when it is needed, and to restrain the urge to be critical in small matters. †(Ruggiero 100) ii. Obligations of friendship:â€Å"Citizenship obligates a person to promote the well-being of the country and fellow citizens by respecting and observing the law and respecting the legitimate initiatives of the country’s leaders, even if one disagrees with their political perspective. In a democracy, it also requires participation in the electoral process. When the country is unjustly attacked, it is also a citizen’s responsibility, conscience permitting, to support the country’s response and even, if one is young and healthy enough, to play an active role in the country’s defense. † (Ruggiero 100) 7. Culpability/Consequence ii. i. Consenquence:â€Å"a conclusion derived through logic, something produced by a cause or necessarily following from a set of conditions. † (Merriam Webster Dictionary) 8. Ethical influences i. Parents: My parents have instilled a strong ethical foundation for life. Since I was little kid, they have taught the importance of kindness and honesty. ii. Coaches: I have played sports my entire life and it has been a major influence in shaping my character. Sports have helped keep me disciplined and how to stay cool under pressure, and not letting my emotions control my actions. 9. My tradition i. â€Å"Natural Law-(def) the view that there is an unchanging normative order that is a part of the natural world†(Schaffer 83) ii. â€Å"One way to provide criteria of judgment on major issues, examine natural law (in relation to divine law) and human law to show the way in which they complement each other. † (Schaffer 83) iii. â€Å"Orders of Creation- (def): a hierarchy is given in creation which reveals obligation, responsibility and offer criteria for morality† (Schaffer 84) B. How I would address Child Labor i. I believe child labor is an unethical practice. It puts way too emotional distress and also physical injuries to be justified. The only positive I can see coming from child labor is the money that child would bring in. Conclusion A. Child labor is not as pressing as an issue as it used to be but still practiced around some parts in the world. I believe Bentham and Aristotle would both disapprove of child labor based on their idea that the basic goal in life is too find happiness and satisfy your desires which labor does not serve.

Comparison of Madness and Sanity in Hamlet and Death of a Salesman Essa

Comparison of Madness and Sanity in Hamlet and Death of a Salesman Could anyone really determine whether or not a person is mad or sane? In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman each of their two main characters, Hamlet and Wily Loman, are put up to this question, but in each situation their so-called madness differs in the cause of them. The ways in which their madness affects their lives is proven by three actions. These actions are neglecting their responsibilities, negatively influencing others, and finally distracting themselves. It is really never determined whether or not Hamlet and Willy are really mad, but there is some good details that reflect it. Both characters were once respectable, yet now they are neglecting responsibilities that they have. Hamlet, we first learn, is an intelligent student. Now by the end of the play he neglects to do what he is supposed to. The first thing he should have done is avenge his father’s death by killing Claudius. He has many chances in which he could, but doesn’t do it. Is he maybe questioning the the validity of the ghost or is his conscious getting to him. Then he starts losing track of what he should do and when he does do things he doesn’t care whether or not it is right. For example, the killing of Polonius. He killed him without a flinch. Finally when he does realize who he killed, he shows no remorse. Shouldn’t he have? He killed his love’s father. Maybe he doesn’t have a conscious or maybe from the trauma of his father’s death he’s not thinking right anymore. Now, Willy Loman in the beginning of Death of a Salesman is shown to be â€Å"not quite there† to the readers. He cannot keep his mind on the present, he ... ...struggle was long and finally tragic. Linda says, "A small man can be just as exhausted as a great man." Miller writes, "...this man is actually a very brave spirit who cannot settle for half but must pursue his dream of himself to the end.† Willy was so absorbed with being number one, so that’s all that mattered. And when he finally realizes that his son loves him and in a way holds him as number one, then he is content and can be at rest. By examining both Hamlet in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Willy Loman in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, you see that they are not completely mad but maybe disillusioned. There are times when they can be fine and times when the madness overtakes them. So in determining whether or not they are mad would be a difficult task. Although the causes of their madness differs, the end of both are the same.

Charles Darwin & theory of evolution Essay

Charles Darwin in his theory of evolution suggests that man evolved from ape-like creatures. In this theory, there is an indication that the early man was distinct from apes. Hence, some discovery have pointed out the early man could stand upright while apes could not. The hands of the apes were made for climbing and clinging while the early man’s hands were jointed in such a way that he could use and make tools. Despite the little evidence on the tool-making affair of early man, remains of polished bones suggest that he made simple digging tools from bone. Generally, the early man appeared about 3 million years ago. However, the 1932 discovery by Louis Leaky in South Western Kenya reveal that Ramapitheticus is probably the oldest man known to date. Ramapitheticus is believed to have lived 12 to 14 years ago. Astralopitheticus, also known as the southern ape, were first discovered in South Africa. The creature had human-like maxillary form and walked upright. The teeth resembled that of human being and it has a full face, jaws and an endocranial bone. Some scientist believes that this creature was the first branch of apes that evolved into modern man. Other evidences of Australopithecines have been unearthed at Kromdraii, Makapansgat and Swartkrans. The Homo habilis also known as the handy man are believed to be the first true humans. Discovered in 1915 by Mary Leaky, it lived 1. 8 millions ago in Africa. Homo habilis are credited with making stone tools and basic weapons. They were taller than their ancestors. Homo habilis had huge non-human molars, a small brain, and a large sagital crest. Their main diet was probably wild fruits, nuts, roots, and vegetables. Although, the handy man did not have skills to make fire they built fire camps out of existing fires. The Homo erectus succeeded the Homo sabilis. They existed between 1. 6 million BCE to 30 000 BCE. He was about the same size as the modern man although the size of their brain was two third the size of human brain. Their tool making skills improved considerably; they made stone axes and knives. Homo erectus made fire and cooked their food. Besides fire camping, fire brought about social occasions in. Homo erectus had much semblance with human especially their teeth and jaws. They walked upright. Scientist discovered that these early men skeleton was shaped like modern man. Their skulls grew forward for their brain to develop. Besides, creating stone tools, and bone needles and fish hooks, the Homo sapiens sew clothes from animal skins. The Homo sapiens were also hunters and gatherers. In conclusion, several other discoveries that purport the existence of early man lack credibility. Piltdown man, also known as the dawn man and scientifically referred as Eanthropus dawsoni was discovered by Charles Dawson in 1912. He concluded that Piltdown man existed in 500 000 million years ago, had ape-like jawbone but the teeth and the skull resembled that of human being. However, after forty years of discovery, Kenneth Oakley, Joseph Weiner and Wilfred Le Gros Clark termed the discovery as a hoax. They claimed that the skull was indeed human and the jawbone was of a modern ape whose teeth were filed to resemble that of human. Again, Nebraska scientifically known as Hesperopithecus haroldcookii was discovered in Pliocene deposits of Nebraska in 1922 by Mr. Cook. It was publicized by Henry Osborn who likened its teeth to that of man. Unfortunately, he failed to conclude whether Hesperopithecus was an ape or human ancestor. References: Muller, H. J. (1959). One Hundred Years Without Darwin Are Enough. Osborn, H. F. (1926). The Evolution of Human Races, Natural History. Spielvogel, J. J. Western Civilization, Volume 1, Sixth Edition.

Three Different Religious Views on Serving the Homeless

Devin Felder Miss Coles World Religion 8 December 2011 Three Different Religious Views on Serving the Homeless People who practice Buddhism believe that giving is a major foundation of their lifestyle. They believe that being generous is very important and to be taken seriously. â€Å"Compassion and love are not mere luxuries.? As the source both of inner and external peace,? they are fundamental to the continued survival of our species† (His Holiness the XIV Dalai Lama). They see serving others as a vow or commitment they have made with their faith.They view this subject as if you can see yourself in others, who is there for you to hate? Buddhist monks â€Å"beg† for a living to make themselves dependent upon the compassion of others. â€Å"If you do not tend to one another, then who is there to tend you? Whoever would tend me, he should tend the sick† (Vinaya, Mahavagga 8. 26. 3). They believe that you harm no one, help anyone you can. â€Å"Just as a mother w ould protect her only child at the risk of her own life, even so, cultivate a boundless heart towards all beings.Let your thoughts of boundless love pervade the whole world† (Sutta Nipata 149-150). They believe in considering others as yourself. Jewish law mandates helping the poor and that specifically includes housing. Jews feel that the word â€Å"charity† implies that your heart motivates you to go beyond the call of duty. They also feel that the word â€Å"tzedakah,† however, literally means righteousness — doing the right thing, and a â€Å"tzaddik,† likewise, is a righteous person, someone who fulfills all his obligations, whether in the mood or not.Helping the less fortunate is very important to them and helps them to feel complete. â€Å"Abraham gave Malki- Tzedek one-tenth of all his possessions† (Genesis 14:20). Jews believe that it is their duty to help others in need. â€Å"Jacob vowed to give one-tenth of all his future acquisi tions to the Almighty† (Genesis 29:22). They believe that rightfully that God commands them to help the poor. It is their right. If there is a needy person among you†¦you must open your hand and lend him sufficient resources for whatever he needs.For the poor will never disappear from the earth, which is why I command you: open your hand to the poor and needy kinsman in your land† (Deuteronomy 15:7-8, 11). They have a sheer compassion for helping those in need. Muslims believe that it is part of our human nature to help, support, and be generous towards those who cannot cover their own needs. Which is how I feel about the subject. â€Å"He who sleeps on a full stomach whilst his neighbour goes hungry is not one of us† (Prophet Muhammad). They try not to think about the homeless as being any lesser than them, they that they are people too who may have just lost their way. He (Allah) has set up the balance (of justice), in order that ye may not transgress (due) balance. So establish weight with justice and fall not short in the balance† (The Qur’an 55: 7-9). They believe that Allah is testing their love for him when they encounter the unfortunate. They think that if you are patient, caring and forgiving towards others, no matter what you’ve done, Allah will have mercy on you. â€Å"Whoever relieves his brother of a trial or a difficulty in this life, God will relieve him of a trial in the next life† (Prophet Muhammad).They feel that in order for them to move on into the next life they must keep Allah happy by helping out others. They believe that one wants for his brother what he wants for himself. Homelessness and poverty and how we handle is a very touchy subject all around the world. All of these faiths all basically have the same concept on homelessness. They all feel that it is their purpose on Earth to help others who cannot sometimes help themselves. We al want the satisfaction of knowing that we helped a person in need.

buy custom Negros Oriental State University essay

buy custom Negros Oriental State University essay This article has been written by four authors. Madeleine Gregg is professor at the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa. Marcia L. Rock is associate professor in the department of Specialized Education Services, University of North Carolina, Greensboro. Naomi P. Zigmond is distinguished professor in the Department of Instruction and Learning, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Robert A. Gable is Constance F. and Colgate W. Darden professor at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia. The audiences targeted are the virtual coaches and teachers. The article technically focuses on introducing, explaining and encouraging the use of Bug-In-Ear (virtual coaching) as a method of coaching teachers. It describes a virtual coach as a supportive companion who inspires and builds up teachers and should offer more encouraging, supporting statements than corrective or instructive ones. The article clearly outlines good qualities and skills required for a good coach-teacher relationship. It can be a good reference material for those who would like to know more about virtual coaching and its advantages over the traditional side-by-side coaching. The author of the article is a research associate at the University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning and the president of the Instructional Coaching Group. He is also the author of Unmistakable Impact: A Partnership Approach for Dramatcally Improving Instruction (Corwin, 2010). In his work, he targets coaches as his audience, with an aim of illustrating what good coaches are expected to do. The author emphasizes on the benefits of a good interaction between the coach and the teacher. It also explains seven partnership principles of coaching and the actions of good coaches. It outlines partnership as an act of shared learning as much as it is about shared power. The article also explains the activities in which coaches who act on the partnership principles should engage in. It depicts a coach as a thinking partner for teachers, and coaching as a meeting of minds. Generally, the article is useful and forms a good advice for coaches hence helps improve their performance. The site deals with designing a professional development program for a school or district. It explains the characteristics of an effective professional development. It notes that the content of professional development programs is based on organizational needs. The site also gives the categories and connections that schools should focus on so as to ensure continuous improvement. An option for taking a survey is also granted so as to collect opinion, views and facts. Its audiences are administrators of a school, district or both. It is purposely gives appropriate advice and guidance to them. It provides the tips that ensure that schools and districts remain on an improvement plane. It maainly stresses on directly helping the students achieve their goals and supporting student learning needs. Furthermore, it states that cooperation is needed between teachers and the administrators in planning and implementation process to ensure the smooth running of the institution. This website can f orm a good reference for administrators, though it does not provide clear management skills. EDC Science Foundation. Resources for Teacher Leadership: Mentoring and Coaching The site avails resources that help to improve teacher leadership. It contains a list of links to other resourceful sites which elaborates deeper about mentoring and coaching. The links gives more detailed and clearer notes about the various issues related to mentoring and coaching. In addition to that it offers resources for assisting a colleague who may be new to teaching, the school, the discipline, or to a change in the practices or curriculum recently instituted by the district, school, or department. The site describes the components of a high-quality mentor program. The site targets mentors especially those who are new to teaching, a school, department, or curriculum change. The site may also be a source of references to coaching staffs. The site provides very useful information to the targeted audiences. It adequately enables them to deal with crucial issues at hand satisfactorily and with great skill. Buy custom Negros Oriental State University essay

Environmental Studies and Forestry Term Paper How to Write a Winning Paper

Environmental Studies and Forestry Term Paper How to Write a Winning Paper Throughout the semester (or a specific control period), you wrote a variety of intermediate essays regularly. Systematic is the fact that you have to write the term paper on the basis of all the work done. This process seems tricky due to the fact that you need to combine all the studied materials in one paper and draw the right conclusions. Nevertheless, if this process is done according to the instructions and recommendations described below, then the term paper will be made as soon as possible, and the process of writing it will bring you pleasure. In addition, you already have all the necessary materials because you wrote intermediate essays, and now your actions are reduced to a consistent and accurate systematization of existing knowledge. Follow the instructions given below, and you will succeed! What Is an Environmental Studies and Forestry Term Paper? An environmental study and forestry term paper is a qualification written assignment that students of colleges and universities perform during each control period of their studies to acquaint themselves with the issues of the chosen specialty better. In the course of its implementation, the author of the term paper masters the norms of conducting research activities in the context of environmental studies and forestry, and learns to sort and analyze the material, conduct independent research, and then present and formalize it correctly and systematically to demonstrate the results of his/her work clearly and convincingly. The basic principle of writing the term essay is the following: a clear interconnection of the topic, the purpose, the subject and the object of research throughout the paper. So, the goal of writing the environmental studies and forestry term paper lies in the students consolidation of the knowledge gained in the course of the learning process, according to the course taken. Thanks to this paper, it is easier for the professor to assess the quality of knowledge obtained by the student, and his/her ability to apply it to solve professional problems. However, the most important point is the fact that you get invaluable experience and improve your existing skills while writing your term paper. There is a chance that you will want to explore the chosen topic in the future or take it as a basis for your dissertation. Perhaps, this paper will become the beginning of a new path, in which you will collect new knowledge by grains and bring it to perfection, and then it will give great benefits in the field of environmental studies and forestry in the future. So, why the term paper is necessary? It helps to consolidate and systematize the knowledge gained; The environmental studies and forestry term paper teaches to work with research and scientific literature, as well as boosts information search skills; It forms analytical and mental skills, as well as the ability to overcome barriers and solve complex problems; The term paper allows drawing conclusions on the materials studied. Tips from Our Writers on How to Take Preliminary Notes An integral part of writing the term paper (and of student activity in general) is the systematic taking of preliminary notes. Probably, many of you will wonder why you need to make additional notes if there are lectures available. However, they are necessary indeed. During the lectures, you record all the information that the professor provides. It is undoubtedly necessary, but they often do not provide the kind of assistance that preliminary notes can give for further work. Their meaning is to write down the main key points of the topic studied briefly, as well as to add one’s thoughts to this information. So, the usefulness of preliminary notes comes down to the following: With the help of preliminary notes, you can always remember all the material that you learned, even if it was given six months or a year ago. Preliminary notes do not take up much space but focus the students attention on the main issues of the topic under study. For example, you write a long lecture on the rational use of forest resources. It includes a lot of material that probably does not come in handy for you in your environmental studies and forestry term paper. However, during the lectures, you point out the key points in parallel: the relevance of reforestation, ways to increase the productivity of forests, the optimal methods of forest restoration, and so on. After a certain period, you will open your preliminary notes and recall all the material by focusing on the control points only. In the preliminary notes, you can immediately draw conclusions on the topic covered. That is, after studying the material, you can note to yourself what seems important, what you should examine more deeply, and what you can say on the topic studied as a whole. All these notes will help you formulate your thoughts properly while writing your term paper. With the help of preliminary notes, you can create a universal work journal, in which each topic will be recorded separately. For example, you can divide a notebook into separate areas. Subsequently, during the study of each new topic, you can make notes in those categories that match the material most closely. For example, there may be such sections as environmental aspects of forestry, forest resources, environmental norms and policies, and so on. When writing your environmental studies and forestry term paper, as well as subsequent works, including research, intermediate, or even dissertation papers, you will have the key points of each topic in sections. This will help you to navigate the information. Advice and recommendations: Do not skip taking notes, make them regularly; The notes should be short and should not take up much of your time; Include topics that interest you, and your thoughts about them in the notes. Selecting a Topic for the Environmental Studies and Forestry Term Paper There are times when instructors assign complex term paper topics. Chances are the topics they choose are real puzzles for students. However, if the choice is left to the student, then he/she should remember that the ideal option would be a term paper that unites or indirectly affects all topics studied during the reporting period. An important role in this process also belongs to intermediate essays that can be involved in the creation of the environmental studies and forestry term paper. So, if you have to choose a topic, you should follow these recommendations: View lecture materials on the topics covered. Preliminary records will also be of great support; With the help of preliminary notes, identify the key points to focus on; Consult your instructor. Probably, he/she will tell you interesting and narrow directions for the chosen topic and help you to find suitable literature for this case. The result of your choice should be a narrow topic that covers the key points of the material you have grasped and, importantly, is really interesting to you. Examples of Choosing a Topic: For example, during the academic year (month, reporting period), you learned the following topics: Ecology and Ecological Balance; Forest Resources and Their Use; Ecological Problems of the Environment; Classification and Types of Forests; Rational Nature Management; Protection and Restoration of Forestry. Moreover, in your preliminary notes, you marked the following areas of your interest: The role of artificial forest reserves; Ecological sources of renewable energy; Production, consumption, and disposal of forest resources. In this regard, the combined topic of your environmental studies and forestry term paper can be the following: The Role of Forest Reserves in Maintenance of Environmental Processes. The Key Points of an Environmental Studies and Forestry Term Paper In your environmental studies and forestry term paper, the following items must be present: The introduction to the topic. In this section, you must indicate the topic that got you interested and draw readers attention to it. For these purposes, you may describe its relevance or problems, briefly outline its main characteristics or key points, and explain why it is important for research. To add more, while writing intermediate works, you probably already drew some global conclusions concerning the topic that interested you. It is necessary to create a thesis or hypothesis that you will develop throughout the process of writing. However, the thesis statement itself is indicated in the first, introductory part. For example, presumably, forest reserves can become a universal tool for restoring the ecological balance of the environment. Description and analysis of the work done. In this section, you should briefly describe all the work that you have done throughout your study of the material related to environmental studies and forestry. For these purposes, you will need your preliminary notes. After reviewing them, you can tell what you wrote and studied, what attracted your attention, and how it can be used in the topic chosen by you. This item must also indicate the results of the completed assignments, especially if they included field or practical studies, interviews, surveys, and so on. Each key point of this stage should be supported by strong arguments and evidence, for which you can use both your observations and opinions of authoritative authors. The structure of this part should imply a division into several paragraphs, each directly or indirectly relevant to the stated thesis and confirms (or refutes) it. The result of this section should be the final conclusion for all the work done. The experience gained/reflection. This item is also necessary for the environmental studies and forestry term paper, as it shows what conclusions you have made from the tasks performed and what experience you have gained. The ideal option is a brief description of each assignment that you have completed during the reference period, and your reflection on its usefulness, relevance, and appropriateness. Plus, in this section, you should describe what skills you have gained while working on the term paper, and how they may be useful to you in the future. Additional items of the project can be the following: Restrictions and barriers. At this section, you should describe what shortcomings you see in your completed assignments, what they are related to, and how they might be hypothetically prevented. Besides, it is necessary to indicate what difficulties you encountered and the ways to overcome them. Directions for future research. At this point, preliminary notes will help you as well. Here, you can describe your interest and suggestions that will affect your future work. You can identify the topics that should be developed first, and that will contribute to the field of environmental studies and forestry. Writing and Post-Writing Tips Plan. To ease the writing process and follow its phases strictly, you should make the paper outline before you start writing. The main point is to set the logic of presentation. This is required to reveal the stages of achieving the research goal, to demonstrate the movement from the academic positions’ analysis to the pragmatic consideration of the topic aspects and summarizing the results. The detailed text is not required. The presentation of the key points and structuring the main items will do. Recommendations for writing the environmental studies and forestry term paper: The topic of the term paper must necessarily concern the discipline under study; The topic should serve as a tool for deepening the knowledge gained; The presence of arguments and evidence is mandatory; Check the paper for errors (grammatical, spelling, and so on). So, this instruction will serve as a good support for writing a high-quality term paper!

Bridget Riley Biography

Bridget Riley Biography Bridget Riley began working in the Op Art movement far before it was named as an official artistic movement. Still, she is best known for her black and white works from the 1960s that helped inspire the new style of contemporary art. It is said that her art was created to make a statement about absolutes. It is coincidental that they are viewed as optical illusions. Early Life Riley was born on April 24, 1931, in London. Her father and grandfather were both printmakers, so art was in her blood. She studied at Cheltenham Ladies College and later art at Goldsmiths College and the Royal College of Art in London. Artistic Style After her early, extensive artistic training, Bridget Riley spent several years casting about for her path. While working as an art teacher, she began exploring the interplay of shape, lines, and light, boiling these elements down to black and white (initially) in order to fully understand them. In 1960, she began working in her signature style - what many refer to today as Op Art, a display of geometric patterns that tricks the eye and produces movement and color. In the decades since, she has experimented with different mediums (and color, which can be seen in works like 1990s Shadow Play), mastered the art of printmaking, moved through differently shaped themes, and introduced color to her paintings. Her meticulous, methodical discipline is phenomenal. Important Works Movement in Squares, 1961Fall, 1963Dominance Portfolio (Red, Blue and Green) (series), 1977Ra2, 1981Conversation, 1993

Business information system Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business information system - Case Study Example n the case study with regard to their course and the benefits a management student expects to gain (BIS 2011, Abramowicz, Maciaszek, WeÃŒ ¨cel & International Conference on Business Process and Services Computing, 2011). It means different things to different people. However, they vary in approach, structure and style. The situation must be dealt well by the student learning in decision making and role manager situation. Several alternatives can be chosen in courses of action in the described situation being faced by the decision maker. However, there are no answers which are correct and unique in the method of case study. Class large group discussions, small group discussion, and individual preparation are the three stages of case study method comprising of different roles (BIS 2011, Abramowicz, Maciaszek, WeÃŒ ¨cel & International Conference on Business Process and Services Computing, 2011). Before each class, student’s intensive preparation is required in the method unlike teaching based on the lecture. First the case should be read thoroughly and severally to grasp the described situation with the facts being familiarized and important description of the student noted (Sharma, 2014). Thorough understanding must be acquired by the student, main protagonist identification and their relationship keeping in mind the different kinds of presentation in the case study. Speculation (non verified information), assumptions generated during discussion and case analysis and inferences which represents the judgment of individuals in a situation given. However, they are not equally valuable. Upon reliance on the facts, quality decisions can be seen (BIS 2011, Abramowicz, Maciaszek, WeÃŒ ¨cel & International Conference on Business Process and Services Computing, 2011). Internal evaluation part might be a case written analysis and must be properly structured when needed by a student. A structure of specific guidelines may be provided by the instructor. However, a neat and

E-logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E-logistics - Essay Example budge constraint).† Businesses of today in either perspective (business or consumer) markets have realized that in order for them to remain competitive, they need to have an easy access of current information and clear communication. In order for this competitive edge to become stable, steady, and maintained, businesses need to have a support and reverse system that is called the electronic logistics or e-logistics. However, maintaining this system is not easy for this involves billions of dollars, yet they have no other option but to take advantage with the benefits and outweigh the liabilities. Based, on the study of Lambert and Burduroglu (2000), the amount spent for logistics is worth the price because customers’ satisfaction will increase the value added services of companies and they are also rewarded by their customers with a large increase in the volume of demand. The main purpose of this paper is to give an overview of e-logistics, identify its emergence, and di stinguish. Overview of e-logistics According to Sarkis, et al. (2004), â€Å"Organization realizes that a strong supporting logistics or electronic logistics (e-logistics) function is an important organizational offering from both the commercial and the consumer perspective.† A typical supply chain usually involved materials and information that includes operational logistics such as inbound and outbound logistics. In the study of Auramo, et al. (2002, p.528), it is stated that information, supply network and material flows are necessary in order to have a successful implementation of e-logistics. â€Å"The role of logistics in e-commerce has garnered the lion’s share of the focus on the success or failure of Internet-based companies† (Sarkis, et al., 2002, p.35). It is not enough for a business to have an online delivery information portal because what customers want is to have the products or services be delivered in an efficient, timely, and accurate manner. The overview of logistics has something to do with the marketing effort of the business in order to come up with a sound and pleasant decisions and activities (Bowersox, Mentzer, & Speh 1995). Emergence of e-logistics Advancement in information technology and communication are among the important factors that made e-commerce and e-logistics more successful for these are the carriers used in the delivery of information. The increasing number of companies that are now using these advance technologies had made a growth in e-commerce, and as a result, operating costs had also increased. This scenario is brought by globalization and the growing array of logistic options, and in order for companies to remain competitive, they have to focus on the development of physical material flow or physical logistics while continuously amending customer service (Thomas & Griffin, 1996). The traditional logistic functions that involved the activities of transporting, transshipment, and storage are par t of the physical logistic activities which has been changed since the adoption of e-logistics (Alt & Zbornik, 2002, p.723). Improving physical logistics has become complicated and consequently formed a new logistics system called e-logistics. The emergence of e-logistics had changed the virtual image of transporting, transshipment, and storage of information and materials, and it also managed to meet end-users expectations from manufacturers. For example, the emergence had helped Pfizer Pharmaceutical Corporation in the distribution of their medical products or medicines in the global

Fashion analyse Christian Dior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fashion analyse Christian Dior - Essay Example The essay "Fashion analyse Christian Dior" investigates the high fashion couture of Christian Dior, and examine their production and distribution processes. The Christian Dior/ LVMH (Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy) global retail business in fashion wear and consumer products conduct international sales of 83.4%. It’s triad presence is 35% in its home base in the European Union, another 31.3% in Asia, and 26% in NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). The Autumn/ Winter 2009 (AW09) Couture collection from Christian Dior was presented without extravagant sets or huge crowds. The classic wasp-waisted silhouette of Dior’s New Look (Pochna 124) aunched in 1947 as Christian Dior’s first Spring-Summer collection was the basis for the new couture collection for AW09 (as seen in Figure 1. above and Figure 2. below). John Galliano, the influential fashion designer leading the creative team at Christian Dior projected the collection against a traditional background remini scent of the 1950s. Hip-emphasizing basques, girdles, lace-edged slips, and petticoats† were further enhanced to form brightly coloured adaptations. The outcome was reworked â€Å"Bar peplum jackets, draped bubble skirts, padded-hip coats, and full-skirted evening gowns†, which were highlighted with warm colours such as orange, lime, raspberry and yellow, while at the same time the flesh tones of fifties under-things formed a soothing contrast. The collection did not appear to have much novelty, and was not even mildly shocking.

Target Background Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Target Background Research Paper - Essay Example This helps them to communicate effectively and it makes the employees feel they are on the page. This approach generated loyalty and challenged the employees to make the business a success. Each employee should be offered stock options and given a portion of the profits as an incentive to keep working toward higher customer satisfaction. Motivation and communication are additional ways the CEO could create happy employees. Challenging employees allows him or her to be creative and generate new ideas or product lines that will increase sales and or customer satisfaction. Listening to employees opinions is vital to success. The people who work the frontline of any business will have ideas on how to better the processes. Some companies used an approach uncommon to most CEO's; walking around the store to meet and greet the associates and customers. This approach allowed the consumers the opportunity to tell him how well he or she liked the store and offer suggestions for change. The asso ciates liked this approach because it made him an approachable CEO who was willing to listen to employees and customers. In this report, it is apparent that the company should use strategic planning in order to deal with the issues since it determines the overall direction and goals of the organization. Consequently, strategic planning influences numerous aspects of the organization, including what, In strategic planning, a) Products and services will be provided by the business and how those products and services will be designed b) Organizational design and roles are needed by the organization. c) Performance goals are established for positions throughout the business. d) Board committees should be developed (in the case of corporations. e) Resources are needed to reach those goals, and consequently, how much money is needed to procure those resources -- ultimately, the goals determine the content of various budgets ("Develop strategic plan" 2007). Competition from similar products, changing technology and increasing costs all play their part in putting pressure on firms to keep rethinking and expan ding. Mergers are more and more frequent and many businesses have expanded to become global organizations. But if growth is sometimes the only option it is also very often a risky one. Expansion demands investment of time, money and people and has to be carefully managed to bring the desired returns. Though there is a way to increase the odds of success: simple and effective communication in all directions. For the fiscal February period, reported comparable store sales decreased 4.1%. Just over half of this sales performance was due to a decrease in average transaction size with the remainder due to a decrease in comparable store transactions. Comparable store sales in February 2008 increased 0.5%. The current month's sales release quotes Gregg Steinhafel, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Target Corporation, as saying, "February sales were in line with our planned range for the month as our sales results continue to reflect the significant economic challenges facing our guests (Target Corporation Pre-recorded February 2009 Sales Conference Call - Final 2009). At the heart of Target's growth is the unique culture that has been

Animals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Animals - Essay Example The blatant and abhorrent obliviousness with which we exploit animal's poses a threat not only to their survival but any further imbalance in nature will start the downfall of mankind itself. Modern medicine owes its advancement to the lives of thousands of animals who were used to experiment the effects of these drugs upon throughout centuries. All the modern drugs and cosmetics were developed through trial and error. Animals have been used for medical testing as far back as the Greek and Roman times. Aristotle was one of the earliest academics to record the used of animals for medical research around 384-322 BC.The practice of vivisection(operating on living animals in order to gain knowledge of pathological or physiological processes) was a necessary evil of the development of medical science and surgical methods. The phenomena of animal medical research has been there for the last two centuries and was started and emphasised upon when research was being carried out upon cardiovascular and nervous systems Darwin's theory of evolution paved the way for scientists to cut up and experiment upon live animals in the name of better understanding of the human body. A movement to prevent such use of animals in the late nineteenth century was stifled by the great advances in medical research being made through animal experimentation.1In the 1950's animal research paved the way for the discovery of Kidney transplants, replacement heart valves ,polio vaccine and hip replacement surgery. In the 1960s and later on animal research produced the cure to heart disease, transplant problems and life saving systems for new born babies. With the issue of animal testing comes the question of ethics. Do we really need animal testing anymore The use of (non-human) animals by humans, particularly for medical experiments, has become a been a topic of heated debate in practical ethics for a long time now and academics debate whether and to what extent animals of various species are " conscious and self-conscious" "Consciousness refers primarily to perception, non-reflective cognition (such as beliefs) and emotion (such as feelings). In the ethical context, its most important components are feelings of pleasure and suffering, and derivatively more particular feelings, such as sexual gratification and fear, respectively. Self-consciousness refers to thinking about one's consciousness. In the ethical context, its most important component is thinking about one's beliefs and feelings, and derivatively about their implications, such as intentions."2 Peter Singer, a prominent animal rights activist has argued that "If a being suffers, there can be no moral justification for refusing to take that suffering into consideration. No matter what the nature of the being, the principle of equality requires that the suffering be counted equally with the like suffering - in so far as rough comparisons can be made - of any other being."3 He goes on to state furthermore that , The claim that self-conscious beings are entitled to prior consideration is compatible with the principle of

Target Background Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Target Background Research Paper - Essay Example This helps them to communicate effectively and it makes the employees feel they are on the page. This approach generated loyalty and challenged the employees to make the business a success. Each employee should be offered stock options and given a portion of the profits as an incentive to keep working toward higher customer satisfaction. Motivation and communication are additional ways the CEO could create happy employees. Challenging employees allows him or her to be creative and generate new ideas or product lines that will increase sales and or customer satisfaction. Listening to employees opinions is vital to success. The people who work the frontline of any business will have ideas on how to better the processes. Some companies used an approach uncommon to most CEO's; walking around the store to meet and greet the associates and customers. This approach allowed the consumers the opportunity to tell him how well he or she liked the store and offer suggestions for change. The asso ciates liked this approach because it made him an approachable CEO who was willing to listen to employees and customers. In this report, it is apparent that the company should use strategic planning in order to deal with the issues since it determines the overall direction and goals of the organization. Consequently, strategic planning influences numerous aspects of the organization, including what, In strategic planning, a) Products and services will be provided by the business and how those products and services will be designed b) Organizational design and roles are needed by the organization. c) Performance goals are established for positions throughout the business. d) Board committees should be developed (in the case of corporations. e) Resources are needed to reach those goals, and consequently, how much money is needed to procure those resources -- ultimately, the goals determine the content of various budgets ("Develop strategic plan" 2007). Competition from similar products, changing technology and increasing costs all play their part in putting pressure on firms to keep rethinking and expan ding. Mergers are more and more frequent and many businesses have expanded to become global organizations. But if growth is sometimes the only option it is also very often a risky one. Expansion demands investment of time, money and people and has to be carefully managed to bring the desired returns. Though there is a way to increase the odds of success: simple and effective communication in all directions. For the fiscal February period, reported comparable store sales decreased 4.1%. Just over half of this sales performance was due to a decrease in average transaction size with the remainder due to a decrease in comparable store transactions. Comparable store sales in February 2008 increased 0.5%. The current month's sales release quotes Gregg Steinhafel, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Target Corporation, as saying, "February sales were in line with our planned range for the month as our sales results continue to reflect the significant economic challenges facing our guests (Target Corporation Pre-recorded February 2009 Sales Conference Call - Final 2009). At the heart of Target's growth is the unique culture that has been

Refugee protection in International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Refugee protection in International Law - Essay Example The essays together give a broad overview of the dimensions of refugee protection, especially setting out to what extent and how refugee protection is at present grounded in international law. It also points out the paradox that despite an emerging ‘theory of race’ that stipulates that race is not biological, in order to achieve protection, membership of a certain group, and thus race, has once again to be established – often based on biological criteria.The publication will be particularly helpful because of the breadth of its cover and also due to the legal aspects that are covered. When looking at the question of refugees, it is often unclear what means are legally open to people who are fleeing their country and how effective these avenues may be. There is often evidence that refugee-seekers are not following established pathways, with blame often attached to these people as ‘not genuine’ or as ‘queue-jumpers’.... The Editor in Chief is Professor Edward Craig and the source has become an essential research tool for university faculties and students alike. The definition sought from this source was that of ‘theory of race’, for which an entry by Michael Banton was available. In his article, he argues that race is not pure , as stipulated by Cuvier, nor does it develop over time, as Darwin suggested. Both these views mark racial discrimination as an integral part of race. Banton argues instead that racial discrimination is ‘learned’ and that race does not constitute ‘genetic or social’ difference and that there is no biological evidence that such a distinction exists in nature. For his summation, he draws on the findings of scientists as well as social scientists, including Freud, Linden, Martin and Jupp). At the outset of research into ‘races’ it is vital to understand what is meant by this term, as the word ‘race’ has been and st ill is used in a multitude of ways and understanding (including my own) has been quite ambiguous. It is startling to find to what extent we are taking for grated that ‘race’ is a fact and to what degree the ‘certainty’ of belonging to a race pervades communication. Refocusing this issue is therefore of paramount importance before writing about it. From this new perspective, it is possible to approach the task of ‘races and refugees’ with a deeper understanding of the problems of identification that exist in the home countries of those who flee. Suhrke, Astri. â€Å"Human security and the protection of refugees†, in Edward Newman and Joanne van Selm (eds.), Refugees and Forced Displacement: International

Marriage at an Early Age Essay Example for Free

Marriage at an Early Age Essay Marriage is regarded as a moment of celebration and a milestone in adult life. The age at first marriage varies across the globe. Being married before the age of 18 has been a social norm in third world countries [refer to Appendix A]. The percentage of women being married before age 18 is estimated to be 20 to 50 percent in average in developing countries (Joyce, et al. , 2001). On the other hand, western countries are unlikely to experience the similar pattern of marriage. The marital union is normally delayed too long although this is the most apparent reason for the breakdown in sexual ethics (Orsi, 2001). Because of its wealth, western society chooses to marry later in life until they have built an adequate maturity in age, education and financial state. Nowadays, many international organizations have made an effort to reduce the number of early marriage worldwide (Yudkin and Robert, 1996). Many believe that the practice of early marriage can hinder self-development of young girls. However, in western countries, there are several efforts to promote young marriages (Orsi, 2001). They believe that early marriage should be looked as a platform to cultivate maturity together but not as an institution just for the grown-up individuals. As we are concern, early marriage is widely practice in developing countries hence a global issue has arisen as to whether early marriage does really hinder self development due to the consequences it brings to young girls. The practice is believed to bring several benefits to some extent. However, the adverse effects it brings can impede the self-development of young adolescences in many aspects including health consequences, character building and education as well as career opportunities. 2. 0Statistical Studies of Early Marriage This aspect highlights the prevalence of early marriage across the globe and the very reasons of early marriage especially in developing countries. This aspect is important to illustrate the situation regarding early marriage worldwide. 2. 1Prevalence of Young Marriage The practice of young marriage is most common in developing countries (United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2001). According to Joyce (2001), an analysis of Demographic and Healthy Survey data shows that Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asian countries are having the most cases of early marriage. Of these countries that have high cases of young marriage, Niger is the leading country with 88 percent of the women married before age 18. Adapted From: Joyce, L. F. , et al. (2001). Future Options Foreclosed: Girls Who Marry Early. Reproductive Health and Rights. 139-143. Retrieved January 25, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://www. path. org/files/RHR-Article-14. pdf. 2. 2Major Factors That Lead to Early Marriage The huge number of young marriage in developing countries is due to several reasons. Poverty is one of the major factors underpinning early marriage (Joyce, 2001). A young girl may be regarded as an economic burden for a family thus early marriage is looked as a strategy for economic survival. A current study of five very poor villages in Egypt shows that young girls are being married off to much older men from oil-rich Middle Eastern countries for family survival (UNICEF, 2001). Besides, early marriage is one way to ensure that a girl is protected from physical disturbance (UNICEF, 2001). Parents believe that their daughters are safer when they marry early as there is always a man to guard them. For instance, some families in Northern Uganda encourage the young girls to marry to militia members in order to secure protection (UNICEF, 2001). For third world countries, marriage shortly after puberty is common among those living traditional lifestyles (Joyce, 2001). The girls as early as 14 years old have to carry responsibilities as a wife. As it has become a social custom, the tradition is carried on from one generation to the next. 3. 0Opponents’ Views Against Early Marriage This aspect discusses some of the opponents’ views against early marriage. It mostly talks about the disadvantages of early marriage to the girls including the lack of education, health problems and psychosocial disadvantages. The arguments given agree that early marriage does hamper self-development. 3. 1 The Denial of Education The opponents believed that early marriage denies the right of young adolescents to the education they necessitate for self-development. In traditional societies, the investment in a girl’s education is thought to be wasted as the girl is going to marry and stay at home doing household chores (UNICEF, 2001). For instance, in Northern Nigeria, early marriage is the very reason girls are often withdrawing from school (UNICEF, 2001). Because of the early end of female education, they have limited opportunities to develop skills and acquire knowledge ‘that serve them well throughout their lives’ hence restricts their economic and career opportunities (Joyce, 2001). This is because withdrawal from school that results in illiterate and unskilled women will lead to no recognition in professional field. 3. 2 Health and Reproduction Problem The opponents also argued that early childbearing which always occurs in early marriage endanger the lives of both the mother and her baby (Joyce, 2001). The early pregnancy increases the risk of complications and dying during delivery. A report shows that the risk of death due to pregnancy-related cases is doubled among women aged 15 to 19 compared to adult women (Adhikari, 2006). They further stressed that these girls are also more susceptible to sexually-transmitted diseases (UNICEF, 2001). Hormonal fluctuations and permeability of vaginal tissues experienced by these girls can lead to infertility. Moreover, according to a study in Rwanda, 25 percent of women who were pregnant before 18 were infected with HIV although they only had sex with their husbands (UNICEF, 2001). 3. 3Psychosocial Disadvantages When early marriage takes place, the girls will confront with great emotional damage. Sociologists suggested that this is due to their confinement at home to do household chores hence their mobility is denied (UNICEF, 2001). Most of the girls are depressed with this situation that eventually affects their emotional well being. An Indian research conducted in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh found that the spouses of early marriage usually suffered from great psychosocial damage (UNICEF, 2001). Another concern raised by the opponents is that the young girl loses her social life outside family cycle and this has affected her chance of cultivating her own identity (UNICEF, 2001). The most important implication of this is that her self-esteem is silently hindered from being developed and this will make her vulnerable to sexual and physical violence. In Eastern Africa for instance, a young wife has no right to refuse sex to her husband even though her partner is suspected with HIV (UNICEF, 2001). 4. 0 Proponents’ Views on Early Marriage This part will enlighten several views that support early marriage in our society. This includes health benefits, social stability and character advantages. In this argument, early marriage is looked upon as a better practice than delayed marriage. 4. 1 Health Benefits The proponents believed that body functions are more effective and healthy at early stage in life. For women, the body is particularly geared towards reproduction during early adulthood (Orsi, 2001). Early marriage is beneficial because desire and energy from young couples also produce healthy offsprings. They also highlighted that later marriage has led to problematic births and birth defects. This can happen as the body is unlikely to negotiate any burden like pregnancy at a late age. Not surprisingly, later marriage which is always associated with cohabitation and premarital sex increase the risk of sexually-transmitted diseases (Orsi, 2001). The hazardous infections like HIV will spread widely if the practice of premarital sex has became a lifestyle. 4. 2 Early Marriage as a Solution to Cohabitation Another issue raised by the proponents is that the trend towards later marriage has led to a great social deterioration in the society in term of cohabitation. In the United States of America, cohabitation is more prevalent than other countries as the people choose to marry later in life (Henslin, 2005). A study found that cohabitation before marriage is the very reason for breaking up after they were married (Henslin, 2005). Besides that, the increasing case of cohabitation in the United States of America is clearly illustrated by the graph on the next page. Adapted From: Henslin, J. M. (2005). Cohabitation. Sociology- A Down to Earth Approach (2nd Ed. ). 468. Boston: Pearson, Allyn Bacon. They further argued that married couples including young spouses gain more benefits in terms of physical health, general happiness and longevity than cohabitants. This is proven from a study which was cited as strong evidence that cohabiting couples experienced the rate of depression three times more than married couple (Popenoe and Dafoe, 2006). . 3 Self-development Improvement It is also believed that early marriage helps in cultivating maturity. Early marriage is looked upon as a platform for young people to grow in maturity together. Moreover, they share experiences at an early age before egoism is deposited in their heart. This is important to ensure a successful marriage is established (Orsi, 2001). They further emphasized that early marriage is a natural institution to grow emotionally by everyday give and take at an early age. This foundation is hard to build later in life. Also, through The London Telegraph, Emma Besbrode has reported that individuals that are unmarried by early age are more vulnerable to depression and loneliness (Orsi, 2001). This unbalance in emotional development will lead to a stressful life. 5. 0 How Does Early Marriage Hamper Self-development? In this area, both arguments from proponents and opponents are being evaluated in terms of health, character building and education. This is important to determine whether the practice of early marriage does impede self-development. 5. 1 Health Aspect Health is a very important aspect in self-development of an individual. Early marriage greatly affect the health of young adolescents especially girls. Although women who marry later in life are also vulnerable to problematic birth, (Orsi, 2001) the girls who are particularly still growing up have to struggle with the risks associated with early pregnancies (UNICEF, 2001). This is because the physical features of the girls are not fully developed and therefore both the girls and their babies have to compete to obtain the necessary nutrients for themselves. This means that early marriage endangers both mother and her baby. Besides those, sexual intercourse that takes place at a very young age can enhance the risk of sexually-transmitted diseases (STD) (UNICEF, 2001). It is also true that STD can also infect unmarried people as well especially among cohabitants, but a recent study conducted in Rwanda shows that the younger the age at sexual intercourse, the higher the risk of STD (UNICEF, 2001). This proves that early marriage set off a poor cycle of health. 5. 2 Character Building Aspect Each and every individual has his/her own character. The practice of early marriage limits character development as a girl who marries early experiences less socialization outside her family cycle (UNICEF, 2001). This reduces her opportunities for building her own identity which is vital for her successful self-development. On the other hand, some individuals believe that early marriage is a stage for maturity to be acquired and it is not just for matured individuals (Orsi, 2001). However, it is not the case as these girls are affected by great emotional disturbance and depression. Inter-American researchers have discovered that these emotional consequences are ‘unavoidable part of life’ for those who choose to marry early (UNICEF, 2001). Therefore, it is clearly shown that early marriage does hinder personal development. 5. 3 Education and Intellect The importance of well-developed education is vital for an individual to survive. Since early marriage is the major reason for young adolescents to quit from school (Adhikari, 2006), it can restrict career prospects of a girl by limiting her chances to acquire important skills and knowledge. Without those qualities, the girl’s future seems to foreclose to any opportunities for economic survival. In fact, unemployment rates are higher for those who have limited education (Baker and Dryden, 1993). This is clearly illustrated from the table below. Unemployment Rate by Educational Attainment for 15 to 24 year-olds, Canada, 1991 Educational AttainmentUnemployment Rate 0 to 8 years29. 5 Some secondary education20. 7 High school graduation15. 7 Some post-secondary12. 6 Post-secondary certificate11. 7 University degree 8. 1 Total16. 2 Source: Baker, M. and Dryden, J. (1993). Patterns in Employment and Unemployment or Young People. Families in Canadian Society (2nd Ed. ). 93-94. Canada: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited. For those reasons, early marriage is proven to bring more harm than benefits. This practice consequently hampers one’s personal development. 6. 0 Conclusion The practice of early marriage in our society today does hinder personal development of individuals in terms of health, character building and intellectual qualities. First, a girl is more vulnerable to diseases and complications when sex intercourse takes place between the spouses occur at an early age. Early pregnancies followed by childbearing can also bring harm to the girl by increasing the risks of dying and problems during delivery. Apart from this, character building which is important to determine one’s unique identity will be affected as well when a girl enters marriage at a young age. The loss of mobility and social life due to the early marriage will result in lack of self esteem and great emotional damage. In addition, limited education is obvious among those who marry early. In the long run, this lack of schooling will restrict economic and career prospect in the future because withdrawal from school means no qualifications and recognition. This will foreclose the future options of one’s self. Therefore, the practice of early marriage is proven to hinder personal development and should be reduced among young adolescents especially in developing countries with high incidence of young marriage. Effective steps should be executed by international organization to reduce the number of this practice worldwide. For instance, each country should rise up the legal age for marriage. Besides that, education should be promoted among young couples so that they acquire adequate level of education for their future. Although it is difficult to reduce the number, by helping the young spouses with their life, it more or less, reduces the burden they carry.

Water Pollutions Causes Effect And Solution Environmental Sciences Essay

Water Pollutions Causes Effect And Solution Environmental Sciences Essay Although industrialization plays an important role in developing the economics of a country, we cannot overlook the causes and effects that it brings to the society and environment, particular in water pollution. Therefore, in order to alleviate and eliminate the serious impact of water pollution, we have to know well about the causes and effects of water pollution in order to find the best solution to tackle this issue. In this essay, we are going to present the most significant cause and effect of water pollution and ways to solve this problem. There are several factors behind which cause the water pollution. One of the major causes is the waste from the industries. It is so common that most of the industries seem consider that the sea or rivers is a good place for them to dump the waste. Those wastes contain very harmful substances which cause the sea and rivers become poison. Another main reason that leads to the water pollution is sewage. Sewage is a kind of waste such as faeces or dirty water from home or factories which flows away through sewers. It happens since those people do not want to live in a polluted area or dumpsite. For example, most developing countries carry those sewages to water while most developed countries have flush toilet which can take sewage quickly away from their houses. Moreover, sometime sewage is drained directly to the rivers or sea which has bad effect to the human and diversity in marine life. Last but not least, oil pollution is also the major reason of water pollution. Today, oil polluti on becomes a serious problem to concern. Sometime, oil spill is spilled accidentally; however, most of the ships spill it to the sea on purpose. The spread of oil cause a serious problem to be worried due to the fact that it makes lots of pollution and death to all kind of species in the sea. For example, the biggest oil spill in Alaska which 44 million litter of oil were release into the pristine wilderness killed many species in the sea. Several animals were killed and several billion of fish were destroyed. (Wood ford Chris, 2006). In short, waste from industries, sewage, and oil pollution are the major causes that need to be concerned. There are two main negative effects that are caused by the industrial water pollution that mostly occurred in the industrialized countries and developing countries. First of all, water pollution effects on the human health. When the water that people consume for daily life become pollutant, it will effect directly on their health and lives. Commonly, people in over the world must need water in order to support their lives, but if the drinking water contain lots of chemical substances such as phosphates, sulfuric acid, acids, toxic metals, oil, pesticides, it will caused many serious diseases on their lives and health such as diarrhea, hepatitis, dysentery, cholera, blood disease, etc. (Chandramita, 2012). For example, people and mostly children who drink the water that contain chemical substance like Nitrates, they will face a risk to their health and death. Moreover, when people eat fish or food that takes from the water which contain pollutants, they will get sick. Lastly, water po llution effects on the marine lives and aquatic plants as well. Because when the industrial wastes flow through the sewage pipe into the river or lake, they can impact on the aquatic plants and marine lives that live at there. For common example, many species of fish need a minimum of 4-5 mg of dissolved oxygen so as to survive, otherwise, if the water contains chemical substances, those fish will die or reduce reproductive output and decrease the quantity. (Environmental Engineering Solution, 2008). In addition, the oil spilled is one another important that effect on the aquatic plants and marine lives. For example, there are many ships that spill the oil into the ocean or river, thus, the large number of marine lives die every year. Moreover, the aquatic plants like seaweed cannot grow in the polluted water as well. Prevention is better than cure. The best possible way ever to alleviate and eliminate water pollution from industries is prevention. First of all, Industry should clean up their waste before disposing it. In elaborate, they should have a proper check on the type of the waste that they are going to dispose of and segregate the harmful and non-harmful waste. Then, they have to clean up the non-harmful sewage before sending it to the sewage and dispose the toxic chemical waste properly. By doing these, it will help to decrease the polluted level of chemical material that is needed in production when they dispose it into water (Asaff, 2012). Second of all, In order to protect our water from being polluted, we have to ensure that the water protection act has its proven effect and to enforce the law of water protection; Clean Water Act for example, in order to raise the awareness of the public and restrict the industry from doing whatever they want without concerning on the effect of their action (Natural Resources Defense Council, n.d.). Last but not least, since oil is considered as one of the deadly water pollution, industry should get rid of such problem by having a regular check on their machine in order to prevent the leakage that is stemmed by the improper usage or machine breakdown. Furthermore, factory has to properly disposed the oil that they use and clean up all of the that is resulted by oil leaks (Asaff, 2012). In Conclusion, if the suggested solution above is fully implemented, water pollution will be alleviated. As a result, the world will be a better place to live in and less pollution will be harmful to all living things on Earth. References: Chandramita, B. (2012). Industrial water pollution. Water pollution solutions. Retrieved from: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/industrial-water-pollution.html Environmental Engineering Solution. (2008). Human health vis-a-vis degradation of global environment. Retrieved from: http://environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/05/human-health-vis-vis-degradation-of.html Natural Resources Defense Council. (n.d.). Promoting water efficiency. Retrieved December 19, 2012 from: http://www.nrdc.org/water/ Sarabeth A. (2012). How to stop water pollution. Retrieved December 19, 2012 from: http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Identify_the_Cause_of_Greenhouse_Effect

Ecotourism, Tourism, and Development in Mexico Essays -- Essays Papers

Ecotourism, Tourism, and Development in Mexico â€Å"The issue of growth in the travel industry - how much, how fast, what kind - is crucial to the future of communities, local lifestyles and cultures, and the natural environment. There are a variety of instabilities and inequities associated with the expansion of tourism. If the social costs of infinite growth (human consequences of ecological pollution, centralized concentration of power, inequitable income distribution) are as high as they appear to be, our current social systems cannot support such growth indefinitely. Tourism remains a passive luxury for thousands of travelers. This must change† (Rethinking Tourism and Ecotravel by Deborah McLaren, 1998, p. 6). In the Quintana Roo state of Mexico, there are many thousands of tourists from the USA and Europe every year, which has spawned a tourism business economy and intense development of the coast. The area’s people and natural resources are going through a period of rapid change, which has the potential to benefit or damage the area. While money and development can give jobs and opportunities for education and health care, they can also deplete and damage the very resources that made the Carribean coast pleasing. Development and tourism, particularly ecotourism, must be safe and sustainable, environmentally, economically, politically, culturally. Our study has given us insight into some of these difficult development areas, and we will use our observations and conversations to demonstrate and disseminate ideas for better development. Tourism has become much more prevalent in recent times, due in large part to the increasing human population of the earth and the increasing leisure time and dis... ...tribution to the development of the Carribean coast, which has created jobs and other positive economic factors, while also threatening ecosystems and cultures that have become commodified. Tourists should be encouraged to learn about the environment and culture before, during, and after their vacation to areas, and they should make efforts to make meaningful connections to people and places so that they have reasons for treating the place well and coming back to check on things (insuring the vacation spot isn’t single-use or disposable). These kinds of efforts will insure better treatment of places and peoples by increasing the connected worth in travelers’ minds. Through practical legislation and enforcement along with caring and connected approaches to travel, tourism can become a positive element in the continued development of marketable tourist attractions.

Introduction to Marketing Essay

You have been employed as a marketing intern with one of the UK’s largest marketing agencies and have been set various assignments to complete during your one-year internship. You will be required to demonstrate your research skills on various projects related to marketing, research and planning, marketing mix and online marketing. Task 1 P1 Describe how marketing techniques are used to market products in two organisations Due date: Refer to front sheet for date  M1 Compare marketing techniques used in marketing products in two organisations You are helping the marketing manager organise a ‘Marketing in Business’ conference. Your manager wants you to find out how other organisations use marketing techniques and has asked you to prepare a 10 minute presentation that you will deliver at the conference. You have been  asked to produce a leaflet to support the presentation, comparing the organisation. You have also been asked to produce speaker notes, which will be handed out at the conference. What to include in your presentation: Introduce your two organisations, their business and marketing objectives Describe what marketing is and why organisations use various techniques Describe clearly the marketing techniques they use to market a particular product/service or product range What to include in the leaflet: Compare the similarities and differences between the use of marketing techniques in your two organisations Growth Strategies (Ansoff’s Matrix) Survival Strategies Branding and Brand positioning Relationship marketing Due date: Refer to front sheet for date Task 2 Following your presentation about marketing techniques, you discovered that marketing activity is regulated and monitored by various bodies, codes of practice and laws. Using the 2 scenarios below, investigate and respond by letter to both: P2 Describe the limitation and constraints of marketing on the business. Suggested letter content: Introduce yourself and the department you work for.  Describe why abiding by marketing rules and regulations is necessary Identify the legal rules that apply to the case  Identify the voluntary factors that would apply to the case.  Stress the consequences of failing to comply with the legal and voluntary constraints. Due date: Refer to front sheet for date Scenario 1 A business organisation named â€Å"Fantasy† has recently spent 10 million pounds launching a new perfume. Fantasy has advertised on television as well as on YouTube. The advertisement is proving to be an international success and has raised a lot of interest from the young audience it is hoping to attract. Most importantly sales of the perfume have doubled over the last few months.  However, there have been a number of complaints regarding the content of the advertisement. For instance there are concerns with regards to nudity, language and the suitability of the advertisement for a younger audience. Of particular concern are the number of complaints that Fantasy use extreme methods when testing their products on animals. A number of pressure groups have campaigned for the ban of this advertisement from TV screens. Your task You have been asked to write a formal letter to Fantasy Head Office, Customer Complaints Division, identifying the limitations and constraints of marketing activities especially those that are relevant to the above scenario. Scenario 2 You have recently purchased a new mobile phone on arriving home you realise that the phone is unable to carry out the functions that you were promised. The phone was considerably expensive and you saved up for months in order to be able to buy it. However, when visiting the store you were offered the opportunity to purchase the product on credit. The store has also advised you it would be more efficient if you went on to their website and brought the product online and they have offered you a further discount for doing so. Two weeks later you are still waiting for your mobile phone to arrive. To make matters worse once you signed up for this product you have been bombarded with cold calls from other mobile phone companies, you fear that your personal details have been given out to other organisations without your consent. Your task How are you protected as a consumer? You must write a formal letter to the Office of Fair Trading expressing your concerns. You must identify the relevant Acts and regulations that protect you as a consumer. Due date: Refer to front sheet for date Task 3 P3 Describe how a selected organisation uses marketing research to contribute to the development of its marketing plans P4 Use marketing research for marketing planning  You have been approached by a new company that is interested in finding out  whether they should invest heavily in market research. Your first task is to produce a poster presentation on marketing research and planning, that you will deliver to the Board of Directors. Your suggested presentation content: Choose an organisation and agree choice with your teacher (www.thetimes100.co.uk case studies is a useful resource to use) Describe marketing research and marketing planning.  Describe the marketing research that is used by your organisation Describe how the marketing research collected is used by the organisation in their marketing planning Now you need to carry out marketing planning using marketing research Select an existing product/service or potential product/service for your organisation. Conduct primary and secondary research into customer perceptions and market analysis for the product/service and make proposals on how the organisation’s marketing planning can be developed. This should include a PESTLE/SWOT analysis, which shows the research you have conducted into your product. Your marketing plan should include the following: 1. Set clear SMART objectives regarding what you want your product or service to achieve 2. Conduct primary and secondary research on your product or service. 3. Conduct a SWOT analysis highlighting the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of your product or service. 4. Conduct a PESTLE analysis, analysing the external environment and the impact this may have on your product or service. 5. Write a brief summary with regards to your findings. Due date: Refer to front sheet for date M2 Explain the limitations of marketing research used to contribute to the development of a selected organisation’s marketing plans D2 Make justified recommendations for improving the validity of the marketing research used to contribute to the development of a selected organisation’s marketing plans. Considering limitations of market research Your task is to identify and explain the limitations of the market research methods used by your organisation. You will need to submit a formal report  of the limitations that you have spoken about, for the directors. You have been asked to write a formal report to the Head of Market Research at Hammersmith and Fulham. You have to make recommendations on how they can improve the validity of marketing research used for marketing planning. Introduce yourself, your role and who you work for Explain why you are writing to the organisation. Make at least 3 recommendations for improving the validity of market research used by your organisation Provide a justification for each recommendation you make. End your report with an offer to help if they require more information. Due date: Refer to front sheet for date Task 4 P5 Explain how and why groups of customers are targeted for selected products You have been asked to develop a visual poster to explain how and why groups of customers are targeted for products. You should: Explain what is meant by market segmentation and DMU’s Explain the difference between customers, consumers and buyers Select 6 different target groups (this should include both B2C and B2B) and give examples of products that are aimed at them and why). Due date: Refer to front sheet for date Task 5 A dynamic new company have approached your marketing agency and want you to help come up with an exciting new marketing campaign. You will produce a 10 minute presentation on the marketing mix. Propose a marketing mix based on your research to a clearly defined group of potential customers. P6 Develop a coherent marketing mix for a new product or service M3 Develop a coherent marketing mix that is targeted at a defined group of potential customers. Using the research from your previous task you will now give a presentation of the new marketing mix you propose. Suggested presentation content: You will need to think about how you are going to present the marketing mix for the company (Product, Price, Promotion and Place). The product or service  that you choose does not have to be entirely new, it could be an established product or service introduced to a new market The marketing mix must be clearly targeted to a defined group of potential customers and needs to be detailed and clear so that all the 4P’s meet the exact needs and aspirations of the target group of customers. Due date: Refer to front sheet for date