The Collapse Of The Soviet Union - 1649 Words

The collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991 marked the beginning of Russia’s transition from a communist system to a market-based economy and democratic political system. Russia, despite being a nation rich with natural resources such as oil, fell into a state of economic instability and continued to weaken throughout the 1990s. The situation escalated until the point of financial collapse on August 17, 1998, resulting in a 90-day suspension on payment to foreign creditors, a default on domestic debt, the devaluation of the ruble and as a consequence, an increase in all debts denominated in foreign currencies. The primary causes of Post-Communist Russia’s economic crisis of the 1990s can be identified as the corporate elite’s influence on parliamentary economic agenda, foreign influence and pressure, the government’s ineffective integration into the global market and its presentation to the international community, as well as the governmentâ€℠¢s inadequate macroeconomic preparation and management. These causes significantly weakened the power of the state and the government’s ability to effectively instigate economic reform; leading to a large drop in investor confidence and consequently, a devaluation of the ruble, which resulted in the August 1998 economic crisis. The exertion of power by well-networked, largely successful, private corporations and the Russian oligarch in an attempt to influence economic agenda to benefit particular sectors at the expense ofShow MoreRelatedThe Collapse Of The Soviet Union949 Words   |  4 PagesThe collapse of the Soviet Union can ultimately be attributed to three broad, complex, and interconnected issues: The economy, Leadership, and Geography. All three of theses factors are interconnected and each contain several reasons why they contributed to the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union. The first and most simple reason the Soviet Union failed can be attributed to their geographical challenges. The Soviet Union suffered two problems in regard to geographic challenges. Firstly the countryRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Soviet Union1451 Words   |  6 Pageswas the collapse of the Soviet Union in late 1991. The dissolution of the USSR was at the time, not immediately foreseen nor expected. There was neither a civil war nor people’s revolution in a military coup that stormed the King’s castle. The only very evident factor, however, was that the economy of the Soviet Union preceding its dissolution was in free fall to be eventually coined the Era of Stagnation. But an economy in trouble could not be the cause that would lead to the collapse of seventyRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Soviet Union2349 Words   |  10 PagesIn December of 1991, the world was shocked, of once seeing a super power that was dominating the world beside the United State of America. Mo reover, The Soviet Union sudden collapse, which was composed of fifteen countries, exposed the downfall of the political and economic rule of Communism, which was put in place by the Bolshevik revolution in November of 1917. Many westerners predicted and or were happy that the Communistic ruled country finally saw it’s ending, which left only one dominate nationRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Soviet Union906 Words   |  4 PagesThe quick collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 appalled everyone in the West, but that is because no one outside the Soviet Union knew what was going on. The Soviet government’s lies of economic success and superiority over the Western capitalist states had controlled the citizens of Russia to believe that the USSR’s Communist regime was growing for half a decade. It wasn’t until Mikhail Gorbachev that mocked previous leaders like Stalin and Brezhnev for being responsible for not improving the SovietRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Sovi et Union1529 Words   |  7 PagesYuqing He In the year of 1991, the socialist giant –Soviet Union collapsed. At the beginning, many people expected a fast tend of democratization to spread all around not only Russia but also even the whole Eurasian areas. However, this expectation did not come into reality. Or in other words, Russia was anticipated to accept a total new political order internally and externally. But transitions are never so easy. Sometimes, they can be extremely difficult and painful. From my point of view, evenRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Soviet Union1375 Words   |  6 PagesSCENARIO THREE: The Break Up The third scenario is probably the most traumatic. It is a chaotic collapse of the Eurozone, starting in Greece but spreading to Spain and Italy. The core countries will be more disconnected from the current crisis and will not feel responsibility for the consequences of unsuitable decisions made in the European Commission. Countries suffering the crisis will come to the conclusion that the core countries have achieved competitiveness and success at the expenses of otherRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Soviet Union2728 Words   |  11 Pagesthe structures and regulations that have protected bested interest groups. To what extent was the crisis of the Soviet economy, 1990-91, a direct outcome of the reforms undertaken under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev? The swap of the Communist flag in the Kremlin on December 25th 1991 for a Russian tricolour, was the official acknowledgement of the collapse of the Soviet Union; a political, economical and ideological system that had reigned over the vast territory for decades. The dissolutionRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Soviet Union1689 Words   |  7 PagesThe collapse of the Soviet Union had ended the communist hold on Eastern Europe and surrounding former communist states. The year 1990 had also marked the beginning of rapid economic and social transition from a communist state to a democratic market based economy. Milton Friedman coined the term shock policy, also referred to as economic liberalism, to describe the abrupt release of currency and price controls, the extraction of state subsidies, large scale privatization of former public ownedRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Soviet Union Essay1255 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract The collapse of the Soviet Union left a gap in the educational system of the Soviet republics including Ukraine (Polese 47). Since independence the Ukrainian Constitution guarantees compulsory education for all children and provides federal funds to public schools (4). Every child has a chance to go to elementary school and middle school: however, only 30 percent of school graduates have a chance to go to higher education, especially in agricultural areas of the country [2]. Another majorRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Soviet Union1686 Words   |  7 PagesThe collapse of the Soviet Union ended one era of American Security Concerns, but it gave rise to another more extensive era. This era would be marked by concern over the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction throughout former Soviet countries and other unstable nations. Every president from George H.W. Bush to Obama would mark this issue as a key threat to the nation’s security. The true question is what would each o f these presidents do about the threat. Since World War II the United States

Use of Anabolic Steroids in the U.S. - 2897 Words

Our Nations Little Secret Within every gym and athletic practice across the United States there are secrets. These secrets are kept by public gyms, membership health clubs and even high school sports. This secret is killing our youth and disrupting the sportsmanship of not only the United States, but also on an international level. What I am referring to is the use of anabolic steroids. This epidemic is spreading through our country like a wildfire. It is going unnoticed and misunderstood. Even our government has not found the money the man power or the time to deal with this killer. It can be bought wherever pleasure or illicit drugs can be found. The people who push these drugs are usually the people teenagers look up to.†¦show more content†¦Women have basically the same reaction to the drug as men do. After long periods of steroid use, a common reaction is the loss of the individuals hair along with the deepening of their voice, permanently. Along with these reactions, body hair and f acial hair also start to grow and darken. According to Dr. Yealis, a professor of health and human development at Pennsylvania State University, and a leading expert in steroid use, these drugs can change a women into a man in not very big doses at all (Mongale 12). This is a very scary thought. Both males and females stack steroids. This means that they use multiple steroids at a time. The common perception among users is if you use a variety, then you take less of each one. They already take ten to a hundred times the recommended amount. In researching this topic, I found that many users do not seem to see themselves as addicted. According to a recent poll of 49 weight lifters, 28 would be considered addicted. Another study done by Robert J. Dimfell, Donald A. Malone and John Lombardo showed of 163 weight lifters who worked out more than 6 hours a day, there were 88 abstainers, 31 current users, and 44 past users (Bower 11). They reported that 18% of the past users and 1 3% of the current users reported that they had a dependency. Malon commented Were not sure if current users are more likely to deny these problems (Brower 12). The three researchers had a list ofShow MoreRelatedStop The Destruction Of The Athletes998 Words   |  4 Pagesdestruction of the athletes, the U.S government has to take direct actions. To be more specific, the Department of Health must insert strict laws to forbid the supplements stores for selling illegal anabolic steroids. If this action will be taken, the results will be positive because at first the law will reduce the public access to the steroids and then completely annihilate it. At the moment, every athlete, professional or not, can easily purchase anabolic steroids from local supplement stores orRead MoreAnabolic Steroids Summary Essay1507 Words   |  7 PagesThesis: Anabolic Steroids are powerful drugs that help the body gain mass, but also hurts the body with drastic side effects. I. Basic Information A. Anabolic Steroids Aid Body Growth B. Have Drastic Side Effects II. Side Effects of Steroids A. Ways to tell somebody may be using steroids B. Side effects of Steroids in Males C. Side effects of Steroids in Females III. Different Types of Anabolic Steroids A. Oral Anabolic Steroids B. Intravenous Anabolic Steroids IV. Teen UsageRead MoreAnabolic Steroid Use in Sports Summary1493 Words   |  6 PagesAnabolic Steroid use in Sports The competitive drive to win at all cost is fierce among athletes. Winning at all cost often includes using one of many performance enhancing drugs such as anabolic steroids. Many athletes use performance enhancing drugs, like steroids, to achieve higher goals and set higher records than other drug-free successful athletes. Although athletes are performing at higher levels when using such drugs, what is the cost? Finally anabolic steroids should remain bannedRead MoreSteroids And Its Effects On The Body985 Words   |  4 PagesUnfortunately, the use of steroids can easily lead to many major health problems. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse â€Å"Steroids abuse may lead to serious, even irreversible, health problems. Some of the most dangerous consequences†¦kidney impairment or failure; damage to the liver; and cardiovascular problems†¦leading to an increased risk of stroke and heart attack (even in young people)† (NIH). Steroids can affect an athlete by increasing the heart rate and decreasing the stamina, aRead MoreAthletes Use Drugs For A Variety Of Reasons1194 Words   |  5 PagesAthletes use drugs for a variety of reasons, such as coping with stress or to enhance their quality of performance, and the effects of using performance enhancing drugs can have long term effects on an individual’s life. A commonly used drug in athletes goes by the name of anabolic steroids. The best way to help clarify your understanding of the importance of anabolic steroids is to define these steroids as a synthetic way to acquire the male sex hormone testosterone. The proper name for these steroidsRead MoreEssay on Anabolic Steroids1716 Words   |  7 Pages Anabolic Steroids nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Anabolic steroids are synthetic coumpounds formulated to be like the male sex hormone testosterone. Many athletes use anabolic steroids male and female alike, such as body builders , weightlifters, baseball players, football players, swimmers, and runners. They do so because they mistakenly believe that they will gain strength and size. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In a male testosterone is released by the leydig cells in the testes. The testosteroneRead MoreAnabolic Steroids Should Be Banned1348 Words   |  6 PagesSteroids, more specifically anabolic steroids, are drugs that can be legally prescribed or taken illegally, to boost strength and increase athletic performance. They are based off of the hormone testosterone. On the street where the drug is sold illegally, the common slang names are â€Å"arnolds†, â€Å"gym candy†, â€Å"pumpers†, â€Å"roids†, â€Å"stackers†, â€Å"weight trainers†, and â€Å"juice†. Steroids have a long, long history, especially in regards to sporting events. Anabolic steroids were not really used worldwide untilRead MoreUse of Steroids by Athletes Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   A survey was presented to 198 U.S athletes with the following scenario. You are offered a banned performance enhancing substance that comes with two guarantees: 1) You will not be caught. 2). You will win every competition you enter for the next five years and then you will die from the side effects of the substance. Would you take it? More than half the athletes said yes. As we can infer from the above survey, a large number of professional athletes are willing to risk their lives for theRead More Steroids a Dangerous Game Essay949 Words   |  4 Pages What are steroids? Steroids are a drug that are mainly used by people who are involved in sports. They are also used by people who are affiliated with making themselves stronger.Steroids are drugs that are injected into the body, usually through the anus with hypodermic needles.The drug is chemical hormone. Steroids control growth, metabolism, and blood chemistry. The two main kinds of steroids are corticosteroids and sex steroids. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Corticosteroids are released byRead More Steroid Use in Pro Sports is Unethical Essay1296 Words   |  6 Pagesyou were a kid, didn’t you want to play a professional sport? What would you give to be one of the best athletes in the world? Would you risk your reputation? Your health? Would you be willing to die? Although many studies have come out saying that steroids diminish one’s health, people still take them hoping to be the best. Imagine if you were a 28 year old who left college early because a pro team â€Å"guaranteed† you that you would play in the big leagues. Yet you just got stuck in the minors, and the

FDI in India Organizational Investment

Question: Describe about the FDI in India for Organizational Investment. Answer: Introduction: FDI is foreign direct investment. It is a kind of investment in an organization where an investor from different country invests in a business situated at different one. The investors have the control over that organization in which they have invested. Control is something where investor is having 10% or more then that shares in their hand. FDI is of two types: Greenfield and Brownfield. Greenfield investments are those investments where a company start its operations in foreign company from the ground up. Brownfield are those, where an investor or government take a lease or purchase the entire business for launching a new production activity. (MOON, 2015) Sectors: Investor are getting more attracted towards Infrastructure, automotive, service, pharmaceuticals, railways, textile, chemical, airlines etc. Indian government is allowing 100% FDI in all of these sectors. 10% of Indian GDP depends on construction activity. Indian government has plans for growing this industry more by investing $1 trillion in this sector till 2017. It is planning that 40% of total investment will be funded by private sector. Automotive sector is increasing rapidly in India. Its share is 7% of total GDP of India. Pharmaceutical sector is expected to grow at the rate of 20% annually till 2020. It is worlds 3rd largest sector in terms of volume. (Khandare and Baber 2012). Service sector includes banking, research and development, outsourcing, insurance, technology and courier. Railway is also allowing 100% FDI in other then operation department. Currently US $13 billion is expected by Indian government for railway projects by FDI. Chemical industry is expected to grow at the rate of 7% till 2020. Textile sector is one of the major contributors in Indian export share. During last financial year FDI is increased by 91%. Airlines industry is allowing 49% FDI under automatic route and beyond it, through an approval of government. Indian Economy: India has already presented itself as one of the worlds fastest growing economies of the world. India is in top 10 as an attractive destination for foreign investors. After adopting LPG policy, India has become more investment-friendly (Make in India, 2016). FDI is continuously increasing in India. India is currently having 3% of the total share in worlds FDI (Ray,2007). Indian economy is worlds third largest economy measured by PPP (purchasing power parity) with a US $3.611 trillion GDP. It is one of the tenth largest economies in whole world, with a US $800.8 GDP. It is the second major economy who is growing at the rate of 8.9% in the first quarter of financial year 2006-2007. The Indian economy is so diverse and encompasses handicrafts, textile, manufacturing, agriculture and many services. Although still two third of Indian workforce is earning directly or indirectly from agriculture. Services are growing very rapidly in Indian market and playing an important role in Indian economy. Because of large number of educated and young people, India is becoming first choice of every global company for back office destination, companies are outsourcing for their technical support and customer care from India. India is one of the major exporters of highly skilled workforce in financial services, software engineering etc. FDI and growth in India: FDI is playing an important role since beginning of liberalization. Globalization and privatization plays an important role in FDI inflows for developing countries like India. According to a report of World Bank, developing countries increased six times in 1990-1998. The share of FDI in GDI (gross domestic investment) was increased to 2.25%. If GDI is not too high then it shows an important effect on countrys economy due to FDI flows (Pan and Sen, 2007). Only with government liberalization policy, FDI inflows can be more. FDI inflows always play an important role in growth of human capital, technological, research and development etc.FDI can be of two types: short run and long run. Short run FDI is attracted through government policy, low labour cost, availability of workforce etc. Long run FDI is attracted through technology, infrastructure etc. Cointegration theory is used to check the short and long run impact of FDI on Indians growth and GDI. The advantages of this approach are t o identify the restrictions on both the dimensions, short and long run. There are 2 more variable added to identify the relationship of growth of India and FDI as ULC (unit labour cost) and share IMPDT (Import duty in tax revenue). VECM (vector error correction model) introduced for clarifying many questions. FDI flows for India: For countries that are allowing FDI; cost structure, firm size is essential determinants. This cost structure; market size may create an impact on FDI inflow whether direct or indirect. To study these impacts, FDI flows are necessary to intimate. GDP of a nation reflects size of market indirectly, but it has been eliminated from model. ULC plays an important role because labour rate is too low in India in comparison of other countries. Factors which affect FDI: Political impact on FDI in India: India has enjoyed so many successive years of elected government at union and federal level both. India always suffered with political instability as no party won with clear majority and hence parties have to form a coalition government. However, stability in Indian politics returned with Modi Government in 2014 with a very healthy and strong coalition government (Gunti, 2002). Indias economy get brighter after this government as this government is taking many decisions in favour of FDI. Now, every party has accepted this policies as these are increasing the GDP of nation. Even now, there are less chances of political instability in future. Now, if political instability occurs, India would hardly be affected. Hence, now political risk in FDI in India is very less (Lim, 2001). Economical impact on FDI in India: A country, whose economy continuously grows up, attracts more foreign direct investment because investor feel more confident in investing such countries sector. Countries with a good rate of economy growth attract many investors towards it as they feel that their amount is safe and they can earn more from this country. FDI often targets the consumer from the host company to sell out their good directly. Therefore, the size of economy, people are more important to attract any investor. Just like India, as the economy of India is rising up, so investor feel more confident while investing there. India is a new target for FDIs now as new emerging market, their policies; middle class have a strong demand for goods and services of multinational brands. Technical impact on FDI in India: Technology level of a country attracts FDIs more because they always want to set up their business at such place where they can take advantage of new resources and technology. FDI also introduce technical knowhow, new technology in the developing countries. Foreign expertise is the key factor for upgrading the technical process of host country. The best example of it is the deal between India and US for nuclear energy, where both the companies have dealt about nuclear, in which both the countries would transfer the nuclear energy knowhow and allow India for upgrading its civilian nuclear facilities. FDIs are more attracting in Indian market because of Indian civilians are more technology friendly. Socio cultural impact on FDI in India: Socio cultural impacts on foreign direct investment more. Because some countries people are against towards foreign goods, they dont like to avail and consume foreign services and products (Adams, 1999). Foreign investors study the country and their people more before investing in that country. If they find that civilian of that country are okay with buying and adopting foreign goods, then only they invest in that country. In context of India, investors feel attraction because all Indians are a big fan of foreign brands (Adams,1999). Thus all these factors affect FDI more. National resources: National property can be created, not inherited. National resources can never grow out of a nations natural endowment, its currencys value, labour pool, interest rate and classical economics insist. A countrys competitiveness depends upon the capacity of country and the industry to innovates the product and upgrade the products. Company can always gain benefits against its competitor because of challenge and pressure. The benefit of company is the domestic rivals, aggressive suppliers and demanding local customers. Competitive advantage of national resources: National resources of a country attracts investor more for investing their amount in the country as investor finds that investing in that country is a nice platform for increasing their money. FDI investigates country detail and about their resources before investing in that country, and according to that investigation only, they make investments. If investor finds that there is no labour, investor is definitely not going to invest in that country. India is a very rich company in context of resources as there are coal, iron pre, manganese ore, mica bauxite, diamonds, natural gas, thorium and limestone are in huge. Around the world, all companies who are involving in natural resources business are doing outstanding as there are unexpected demand in the market. Nowadays, middle class families in developing countries are increasing their demand for house, energy, transportation etc. Porters theory of national competitive advantage: Porter developed a theory named by Diamond of competitive advantage for international trade. This theory says that success of a industry depends on 4 factors: demand condition, factor condition, company strategy, rivalry and structure and related and supporting industries. Factor conditions are a countrys factor endowment. Demand condition describes a large and already existed consumer base and their demand. Related and supporting industries describe local supplier developments that are eager to meet industrys marketing and distribution needs. Firm structure, strategy and rivalry describes environment of the competitive firm. Porter also argues that national policies affect the firms international opportunity and strategy. This theory combines the firm and country level theory together for focusing on individual firm. Further, he said that every nation play an essential role in creating a surrounding that impact on firms success. Factor Endowment: factor endowment of a country is commonly land, capital, labour, entrepreneurship etc that a country can possesses and exploit for manufacturing. Countries that are having large endowment attract FDIs more rather than those who are having small endowment, if rest things are equal in a country. India is having large endowment as India is having land and labour in excessive. Competitive advantage of Factor endowment: The natural resources had passed through some challenging phase in India. Clearance delays, blanket bans etc. had bought it to a temporary position. Even India was not able to capitalize its economic strength such as resources, minerals etc. All countries are not blessed with rich mineral resources and the countries which are blessed with such minerals use it for countrys overall growth, development of their civilians, securing employment, decreasing the poverty and growing up their economies. Factor endowment varies country to country. Factor condition refers to a factor of production of a country. If a countrys factor empowerment is impressive, then FDI will invest in that country. For a business Land, labour, capital etc are more important, if in a country there is no labour, a business can never run over there. In India, there are huge labour and even in low cost. It attracts foreign direct investor because they can get a product in minimum investment. Foreign currency and exchange influence: FDI is a flow of funds provided to a multinational organization or any parent company. By 2005, FDI inflow rose all over the world to $916 billion, more than half of FDI flows received by developing countries business. FDI activities play an important role in influencing the nature of exchange rates (Aizenman, 1992). Exchange rate is the value of domestic currency in exchange of foreign currency. Exchange rate can influence FDI as well as concerned countries. If currency depreciates of any country, it means the value of that currency is relatively declined of to the value of any another country (Grewal, 2013). India is one of the biggest emerging economies in the world. India has become an investing country after adopting Liberalization in 1991. The average exchange rate of INR is Rs 65.04 per US $ in 2015-16. It was happen due to a strong growth in US economy that impacted on US $ against all other major currencies (Blonigen, 1997). It is found that Indian rupee performed better then EDME currency. A study was done to examine the relation between real exchange rate and FDI during globalization period. It was found that the workers remittance and exchange rate have a positive relation in India (World Trade Organization, 2015). Countrys existing trade policies, incentive, barriers and system: Today India is fastest growing economy. Indias rank has been improved by 12 places by The world bank in 2016. FDI in India had been gone up by 40% in 2016. Indias growth is objected at 7.5% by World Bank and it has been declared as the brightest spot by IMF. Indias existing policies was not so much investment-friendly. There were so many barriers for FDIs, which were making investors interest less in Indian market. System and government was not so helping for foreign investors. (Government of India, 2016). Existing trade policy: New government in India is allowing 100% FDI in many sectors in India, which was earlier 49% only in Indian sector. Earlier, there were so many restrictions, formalities for foreign investors to enter into Indian market. They were not even allowed to do 100% investment (Economist, 1999). They had to tie up with any Indian company for settling down their business in Indian market. In construction development sector, there were conditions related to land, capital etc which used to demotivate investors. In defence sector, FDI were allowed till 29% only. Broadcasting sector was not allowing 100% FDI. Banking sector was not so much investment friendly. Even FDIs were not even allowed to make 49%+ investments without special approval of government (Cardenas and Berg, 2010). Existing incentive, barriers and system: Earlier, there were huge barriers for Investors and foreign countries to enter in Indian market and invest in that market. An investor needed to tie up with any Indian company and they had to full fill many conditions applied by Indian government on them. Government was not even entertaining foreign investors by providing them facilities. Therefore, Indian market was not so attractive for foreign Direct Investors. They used to give priority to China Market because the policies, facilities were better in China market for FDI. The system was not Investment friendly at all. Earlier Indian Government was not at all focusing on FDI. Existing level of FDI: Existing level of FDI in India was not as better as it is in present scenario. Their policies were not Investment-friendly. Modi government has changed the policies now, and thus GDP, economy have been increased. (The Financial Express, 2015). The main sectors in India are Healthcare pharma, Telecom and oil gas. And the main FDIs are from UK, Us and Japan. The above data is offering a better situation to understand about the foreign direct investor as well as the Indian sectors which are attracting FDI in India more. This data only includes foreign investment not any kind of domestic investment. According to an analysis, FDI inflows were more in Service sector in the period of 2000-2012. The service sector includes telecom, banking etc. Healthcare and pharma Sector: Healthcare and pharma sector is the emerging sector in India. As Indians are more in Population. So more people need more precautions, medicines etc. and Policies for FDI in pharma sector were quite good. So, investor invested more in this sector. In 2013-2015, foreign investment was 18% of total foreign investment. Telecom Sector: Telecom sector is increasing rapidly in Indian market. As in India, there are huge population and 60% are youth of them. All youths are Tech friendly. So Telecom sector is increasing day by day. Indians are adopting foreign techniques, so FDIs are more interesting in this sector. In 2013-15, There were 17% of total Foreign investment was in Telecom sector Itself. Policies made by Indian Government were also not hectic for investors. So They invested more in this sector. Oil and gas Sector: India is very rich in terms of minerals. There are many mines of oil, gas, gold etc. Every country doesnt have such minerals So Foreign direct investors come to India to make investment in this sector. This sector is more beneficial for investors as they can earn more money from this sector. In 2013-15 there was 10% of total foreign investment was in Oil and gas sector. Conclusion: Thus, Indian economy is growing up very rapidly. After the new government, GDP, FDI has been increased. Investors are feeling more impressed towards Indian economy. World trade organization has declared Indian Market as brightest market for FDI. It is an emerging economy nowadays. FDI is increasing day by day in Indian Market. References: MOON H. C. (2015). Foreign Direct Investment: A global Perspective. World scientific. Adams, J (1999), Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment: The Role of Voluntary Corporate Environmental Management, Paper Presented at an OECD Conference on Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment, 28-29 January, 1999; The Hague, Netherlands. BIAC - Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD (1999), BIAC Discussion Paper on FDI and the Environment, Paper presented at an OECD Conference on Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment, 28-29 January, 1999; The Hague, Netherlands. Economist (1999). Down, but not out of hope, 351 (8117); pg. 76, The Economist, London. Aizenman, J (1992). "Exchange Rate Flexibility, Volatility and Patterns of Domestic and Foreign Direct Investment," International Monetary Fund Staff Papers vol.39 no. 4 (1992) 890-922. Blonigen, B. (1997). Firm-Specific Assets and the Link Between Exchange Rates and Foreign Direct Investment. The American Economic Review, Vol. 87, No. 3. (Jun.1997), pp. 447-465. Grewal A. (2013). Impact of Rupee- Dollar Fluctuations on Indian Economy: Challenges for Rbi Indian Government, International Journal of Computer Science and Management Studies. Government of India (2016). Economic Survey of India, 2015- 16. Retrieved on 30 Nov 2016 https://indiabudget.nic.in/es2015-16/echapter-vol1.pdf World Trade Organization (2015). International Trade Statistics. Retrieved on 30 Nov 2016 from https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2015_e/its15_toc_e.htm Khandare VB and Baber SN (2012). Structure of Foreign Direct Investment in India during Globalization Period, Indian Streams Research Journal, 2012. Ray S. K. (2007). The Indian Economy. PHI learning pvt ltd. Make in India (2016). Foreign Direct Investment. Retrieved on 30 Nov 2016 from https://www.makeinindia.com/policy/foreign-direct-investment. Pan S. And Sen R. (2007). Foreign Direct Investment and Trade in India. Deep and Deep Publications. Lim E. (2001). Determinants Of, and the Relation Between, Foreign Direct Investment and Growth: A Summary of the Recent Literature. International Monetary fund. Gunti A. (2002). Liberalisation of Indian Economy. Diplom.de. Cardeans B. And Berg Z. (2010). Conditions for Foreign Direct Investment in India. Nova Science. The financial Express (2015). FDI inflows: who is investing in India and in what sectors. Retrieved on 30 Nov 2016 from https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/fdi-inflows-who-is-investing-in-india-and-in-what-sectors/28737/

Slavery; a Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life Essay Example

Slavery; a Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life Paper Stanley M. Elkins’ illustrative work Slavery; A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life provides a different a approach to the phenomenon of slavery in American history. Unlike ordinary depiction of causes of its origin and its advantages and disadvantages, Elkins takes into consideration an entirely novels manifestation of slavery i.e. slavery a dilemma in American history and its effects of intellectual and institutional life. He reinforces the idea that in the early nineteenth century, two phenomenon, democracy and capitalism, changes the course of events and the socio-psychological pattern of American life. In the context of slavery, theses two phenomenon seem juxtaposing each other but reality was different as both helped dissolving old institutions (slavery was one of them) as both believed in the transcendent value of individual.First main chapter â€Å"Institutions and the Law of Slavery† provide a comparative analysis of slavery in United States vis a vis Latin America. In the second chapter â€Å"Slavery and Personality†, Elkins further provide a deep insight into the psychological effect on Negro personality and its individual and collective consequences. He compares the slave life in America with the concentration camps of Nazi Germany and their conversion into immature individuals. The third main chapter â€Å"Slavery and Intellectuals† deals with abstract American thought and its inability in creating channels for resolving the slavery issue. He elaborates various abolitionist approaches suggested and/or adopted by the contemporary leaders and politicians to solve this problem. Mr. Elkins reinforces the idea that American slavery was harsher and was augmented by institutional set-up as compared with Latin Americans. In United States, slaves were regarded as an entity that was included in their (Americans) property rights and were sanctioned by legal system.Mr. Elkins is of the view that economic compulsi ons interpreted the relationship of slavery as a master-slave relationship that was further rooted into the social and intellectual life of America. Later on it was structured into the legal system. In the whole scenario, slaves acted as economic instruments and this subordination was characterized only by commercial necessities.To illustrate the psychological effect, Elkins says that harsh pattern of slavery in the South brought into being a typical Negro personality that was commonly known as Sambo. Sambo denotes to a personality prototype that was characterized by childlike behavior. This infantilism (as Mr. Elkins calls it) was a result of absolute negation of individual rights and ultimate powerlessness.   He further compares it with Nazi concentration camp, where harsh treatment and absolute powerlessness over every action had reduced the Jews to infantilism.Finally, Elkins takes into account the surge of abolitionists in American history and their passionate movements. He r egards the abolitionists as of high moral character, anti-institutional and mortified. He further compares the American abolitionism with the same movements in England and manifests that that I country like England, institutions were strong and â€Å"men could hardly avid thinking and acting institutionally†. Whereas in America, there was not even a single institute of that caliber at national that could determine the slavery issue. So surge in abolitionism was a natural outcome of this situation.A close analysis of Mr. Elkins’ thesis suggests that he has not considered an important intellectual element that was the basis of this problem. In United States, the phenomenon of â€Å"slave as property† was limited to a single racial group i.e. African American. So this racial discrimination on the economic and the social level further manifested itself in the intellectual assumption of hereditary linkage between slavery and inferior mental and rational level.Mr. Elk ins investigations and interpretations depend on variety of primary and secondary sources. He has explored and utilized the legal manuscripts, the property documents, states legal codes to provide an exact legal structure of the age on the particular issue of slavery. His comparative evidences include various secondary sources. For example, he uses the authentic and influential original work â€Å"Slave and Citizen† by Frank Tannenbaum to compare slave life in Latin America and United States. He further uses the Nazi literature to compare the Sambo with Jews. Elkins ha employed the behavioral sciences to provide this analysis. He further rely on Alexander Bruce’s â€Å"An Economic history of Virginia† and Lewis C. Gray’s â€Å"History of Agriculture in the Southern America† to analyze economic perspective in which slavery took its birth and evolved. These references further capacitated Elkins with deep investigation of slave conditions in the South .Mr. Elkins’ book was a new addition in the series of U.B. Philipps, Kenneth Stamp and James Ford Rhodes who interpreted different aspects of slavery but Elkins’ work is of importance hitherto as it has marked a new orientation to slavery. It further initiated a â€Å"comparative sociology of slavery†. It has tried to provide a comprehensive interpretation of intellectual facets of ante-bellum slavery and its institutionalization.ReferencesElkins, Stanley. Slavery; A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life. University of Chicago Press. 1959.